Clinical Epidemiology: Diagnostic Tests and Screening — Scientific-Academic Treatise

Public Health and Epidemiology · Clinical Bases

How it begins

Un análisis exhaustivo de la formulación probabilística, la teoría bayesiana, la optimización matemática de umbrales discriminantes, la metodología de cribados poblacionales y el modelado bioestadístico para la toma de decisiones clínicas y sanitarias complejas.

What it covers

1. Diagnostic Tests and Screening
2. Fundamentals of Clinical Epidemiology and Variability
3. · Taxonomy of Error in Clinical Measurement
4. · Sources of Variation in the Clinical Environment
5. The 2x2 Contingency Dashboard and Validity Measures
6. · Formal Structure of the 2x2 Contingency Table
7. · Sensitivity: Detection Capacity
8. · Specificity: Confirmation Capability
9. Probability Pre-test, Post-test and Bayes' Theorem
10. · The Formulation of Bayes' Theorem
11. Predictive Values (PPV and NPV) and their Epidemiological Dependence
12. · Positive Predictive Value (PPV)
13. · Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
14. · Mathematical Demonstration of the Variability of Predictive Values
15. Likelihood Ratios and Fagan Nomogram
16. · Positive Likelihood Ratio ($LR^+$)
17. · Negative Likelihood Ratio ($LR^-$)
18. · Bayesian Integration using Odds (Mommies)
19. · The Clinical Scenario of the Fagan Nomogram
20. · Clinical Interpretation Scale of Likelihood Ratios
21. Continuous Variable Analysis and ROC Curves
22. · The Dynamics of Displacement of the Cut Point
23. · The Mathematical Construction of the ROC Curve
24. Reliability, Consistency and Agreement (Kappa Index)
25. · The Formulation of the Fleiss-Cohen Kappa Coefficient ($\kappa$)
26. · Step-by-Step Calculation Methodology of a Kappa Coefficient
27. · Landis and Koch Qualitative Rating Scale
28. Test Combination Strategies: Series and Parallel
29. · 1. Parallel Diagnostic Tests (Adjuvants)
30. · 2. Serial Diagnostic Tests (Sequential)
31. Screening and the Classical and Modern Criteria of the WHO
32. · Classical Wilson and Jungner Criteria (Established by the WHO in 1968)
33. · Modernized Criteria Update (Genomic and Precision Medicine Era)
34. Classic Biases in Screening Programs
35. · 1. Lead-Time Bias
36. · 2. Length Selection Bias (Length-Time Bias)
37. · 3. Overdiagnosis (Overdiagnosis)
38. Impact Evaluation Methodologies in Screening
39. · The Fallacy of Survival Rates
40. · Randomized Clinical Trials by Clusters (Cluster RCTs)
41. Evidence-Based Medicine and STARD and GRADE Guidelines
42. · STARD Guidelines (Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy Studies)
43. · The GRADE Methodology for the Evaluation of Evidence in Diagnosis
44. New Frontiers: Molecular Testing and Liquid Biopsy
45. · Liquid Biopsy and ctDNA (Circulating Tumor DNA)
46. Clinical Decision Models and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
47. · Decision Analysis and Decision Trees
48. · Classical Markov Modeling in Chronic Diseases
49. · The Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER)