Kidney Physiology

Kidney Physiology — Expert Reference

How it begins

Los riñones como maestros de la homeostasis: filtración, reabsorción, secreción, concentración y regulación hormonal de la composición del medio interno. Una revisión de nivel experto con correlaciones clínicas exhaustivas.

What it covers

1. Structural and Functional Organization of the Kidney
2. · 1.1 Renal Macroanatomy
3. · 1.2 Classification of Nephrons according to Location
4. The Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney
5. · 2.1 The Renal Corpuscle
6. · 2.2 The Tubular System: Functional Histology
7. Kidney Circulation and Autoregulation
8. · 3.1 Vascular Organization
9. · 3.2 Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow and FGR
10. · 3.3 Factors that Modify the FSR and the FGR
11. Glomerular Filtration: Barrier, Forces and Determinants
12. · 4.1 The Glomerular Filtration Barrier
13. · 4.2 Filtration Selectivity
14. · 4.3 The Starling Glomerular Forces and the FGR Equation
15. · 4.4 Filtration Fraction
16. Tubular Resorption: Mechanisms and Segments
17. · 5.1 Reabsorption in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule (TCP)
18. · 5.2 Resorption in the Loop of Henle
19. · 5.3 Reabsorption in the TCD and Collector Tube
20. Tubular Secretion
21. · 6.1 Secretion Systems in the TCP
22. · 6.2 Secretion of K⁺, H⁺ and NH₄⁺
23. Urinary Concentration and Dilution Mechanism
24. · 7.1 The Countercurrent Multiplier System
25. · 7.2 The Countercurrent Exchanger: Vasa Recta
26. · 7.3 The Role of the ADH in the Final Concentration
27. Regulation of Sodium and Extracellular Volume
28. · 8.1 Volume Sensors
29. · 8.2 Sodium Regulatory Systems
30. Potassium Regulation
31. · 9.1 Regulation of Intra/Extracellular K⁺ Distribution
32. · 9.2 Renal K⁺ Excretion: The Collecting Tube as a Deciding Site
33. The Kidney and Acid-Base Balance
34. · 10.1 The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
35. · 10.2 Renal Acidification Mechanisms
36. · 10.3 Classification and Compensation of Acid-Base Disorders
37. · 10.4 Renal Tubular Acidoses (RTA)
38. Renal Regulation of Calcium, Phosphorus and Magnesium
39. · 11.1 Calcium
40. · 11.2 Phosphorus
41. · 11.3 Magnesium
42. Regulation of Plasma Volume and Osmolality
43. · 12.1 Plasma Osmolality and Thirst
44. · 12.2 Dysnatremia Syndromes
45. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
46. · 13.1 RAAS Pharmacology
47. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH / Vasopressin / AVP)
48. · 14.1 Release Stimuli
49. · 14.2 Receptors and Action Mechanisms
50. Natriuretic Peptides: ANP, BNP and CNP
51. Endocrine Functions of the Kidney
52. · 16.1 Erythropoietin (EPO)
53. · 16.2 Vitamin D: Renal 1α-Hydroxylase
54. · 16.3 Renin and Gluconeogenesis
55. Acute Kidney Failure (AKI / AKI)
56. · 17.1 Pathophysiological Classification
57. · 17.2 Pathophysiology of Ischemic ATN
58. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
59. · 18.1 Progression Mechanisms
60. · 18.2 Uremic Syndrome
61. Electrolyte Disorders of Clinical Relevance
62. Diuretics: Mechanisms and Clinical Application
63. Evaluation of Kidney Function
64. · 21.1 FGR Markers
65. · 21.2 Urine Analysis: “Urinary Sediment” as a Liquid Biopsy
66. Kidney Function in Special Physiological Situations
67. · 22.1 Kidney in Pregnancy
68. · 22.2 Kidney and Exercise
69. · 22.3 Aging and Kidney Function
70. Nephritic Syndrome vs. Nephrotic syndrome
71. · 23.1 Main Causes of Nephritic Syndrome
72. · 23.2 Main Causes of Nephrotic Syndrome
73. Renal Lithiasis: Pathophysiology, Types and Management
74. · 24.1 Types of Kidney Stones
75. · 24.2 Nephritic Colic: Pathophysiology of Pain
76. Nephrotoxicity: Mechanisms and Agents
77. · 25.1 Iodinated Contrast Nephropathy (NPC / CI-AKI)
78. · 25.2 Aminoglycosides
79. · 25.3 Cisplatin and Nephrotoxic Chemotherapeutics
80. · 25.4 Amphotericin B
81. Physiology of Urination and the Urinary Bladder
82. · 26.1 Functional Anatomy of the Lower Urinary Tract
83. · 26.2 The Urination Reflex
84. · 26.3 Neurogenic Bladder: Classification and Correlations
85. Polycystic Renal Disease (ADPKD): Pathophysiology and New Treatments
86. · 27.1 Molecular Physiopathology
87. · 27.2 Monitoring and Treatment
88. Glossary of Key Terms
89. Select Bibliography
90. · Reference Texts
91. · Clinical Guidelines
92. · Seminal Articles and Key Reviews