Internal Medicine — Diabetes Mellitus

Internal Medicine · Clinical Specialties

How it begins

Fisiopatología, diagnóstico, complicaciones agudas y crónicas, farmacoterapia moderna y estrategias de reducción del riesgo cardiovascular.

What it covers

1. Definition, epidemiology and global burden
2. · Epidemiological magnitude
3. Etiopathogenic classification of diabetes mellitus
4. · MODY — Monogenic diabetes of young adults
5. Normal physiology of insulin: synthesis, secretion and signaling
6. · Synthesis and processing of insulin
7. · Insulin secretion — phases and regulators
8. · Insulin receptor signaling and metabolic actions
9. Pathophysiology of type 1 DM: autoimmune destruction of β cells
10. · Genetic predisposition
11. · Environmental triggering factors
12. · Natural history of DM type 1 — Eisenbarth/ADA stages
13. · LADA — Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults
14. Pathophysiology of type 2 DM: insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction
15. · Ralph DeFronzo's "Ominous Octet"
16. · Molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance
17. · Natural history of DM type 2
18. Gestational DM and special types
19. · Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
20. Diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus and prediabetes (ADA 2024)
21. · DM diagnostic criteria — Any of the following
22. · HbA1c: foundations and interferences
23. Clinical presentation of diabetes mellitus
24. · Cardinal symptoms of hyperglycemia
25. · Differences in the presentation of DM1 vs. DM2
26. Acute complications: DKA, SHHONC and severe hypoglycemia
27. · Diabetic ketoacidosis (DAC)
28. · Nonketotic hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (SHHONC)
29. · Hypoglycemia — The lower limit of treatment
30. Microvascular complications: retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy
31. · Diabetic retinopathy (DR)
32. · Diabetic nephropathy (ND)
33. · Diabetic neuropathy (NDiab)
34. Macrovascular complications: CVD, coronary heart disease and stroke
35. · Mechanisms of atherosclerosis acceleration in DM
36. · Diabetic cardiomyopathy
37. Diabetic foot: neuropathy, ischemia and infection
38. · Wagner classification and Texas classification
39. · Charcot's foot (Charcot osteoarthropathy)
40. Therapeutic objectives and treatment algorithm in type 2 DM
41. · Individualized glycemic goals (ADA 2024)
42. · T2DM treatment algorithm (ADA/EASD 2023) — Decisions based on comorbidities
43. Antidiabetic drugs: mechanisms, effectiveness, benefits and precautions
44. Insulinotherapy: types, kinetics and schemes
45. · Types of insulin and their pharmacokinetic characteristics
46. · Insulin therapy regimens
47. DM type 1: comprehensive management, CGM and insulin pump
48. · Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM/CGM)
49. · Closed loop systems / artificial pancreas
50. Monitoring and follow-up of diabetic patients
51. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: global risk reduction strategy
52. · Control of cardiovascular risk factors in diabetics
53. · Antiplatelet aggregation in diabetics
54. Special situations: hospitalization, surgery and pregnancy
55. · Diabetes in hospitalized patients
56. · Pregestational diabetes — management and objectives
57. Prevention of type 2 DM: prediabetes and interventions
58. · Evidence in prevention