Emergencies: Hydroelectrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders — Emergency Medicine

Emergency Room · Clinical Specialties

How it begins

Compendio exhaustivo de la fisiología celular, traducción matemática, aproximaciones analíticas y guías de actuación inmediata para el manejo de desequilibrios hidroelectrolíticos y ácido-base complejos en el servicio de urgencias.

What it covers

1. Hydroelectrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders
2. Physiology of Body Fluids and Osmolality
3. · Liquid Dynamics: Hydrostatic Pressure vs. Oncotic Pressure
4. · Osmolality vs. Osmolarity and Tonicity
5. Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
6. · Buffer Systems
7. · Ventilatory Regulation
8. · Renal Regulation of Bicarbonate
9. Hyponatremia: Pathophysiology and Classification
10. · Initial Classification by Plasma Tonicity
11. · Pathophysiology of Hypotonic Hyponatremia
12. · Euvolemia (Normal ECF)
13. Hyponatremia: Diagnostic Approach and Emergency Management
14. · Emergency Intervention Algorithm
15. · Sodium Dosage Formulas
16. Hypernatremia: Mechanisms and Treatment
17. · Etiology and Classification of Hypernatremia
18. · Diabetes Insipidus: Central vs. Nephrogenic
19. · Free Water Deficit Equation
20. Hypokalemia: Etiology and Safe Replacement
21. · Etiology of Hypokalemia (3.5 mEq/L)
22. · Electrocardiography of Hypokalemia
23. · Potassium Replacement Treatment
24. Hyperkalemia and Cardiotoxicity
25. · Etiology
26. · Effects on Action Potential and Electrocardiographic Progression
27. · Emergency Therapeutic Protocol (The Treatment Triad)
28. Calcium: Homeostasis and Urgent Disorders
29. · Interpretation of Total Calcium and Correction for Albumin
30. Magnesium and Phosphorus in Emergencies
31. · Magnesium (Normal Homeostasis: 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L or 1.7 to 2.2 mg/dL)
32. · Phosphorus (Normal Homeostasis: 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL)
33. Metabolic Acidosis and Anion Gap
34. · Ventilatory Compensation Formula (Winters Equation)
35. · Anion Gap and the Law of Electroneutrality
36. · Physiopathological Classification of Metabolic Acidosis
37. · The Delta-Delta Relationship (ΔAG / ΔHCO₃⁻)
38. Respiratory Acidosis and Renal Compensation
39. · Etiology in Emergencies
40. · Kidney Compensation Dynamics and Formulas
41. Metabolic Alkalosis: Chlorine Sensitivity
42. · Expected Ventilatory Compensation Formula
43. · Classification by Urinary Chlorine (U_Cl)
44. Respiratory Alkalosis and Hyperventilation
45. · Etiology in Emergencies
46. · Metabolic Compensation Dynamics
47. Mixed Disorders and Stewart's Physicochemical Model
48. · Physical-Chemical Foundation of the Peter Stewart Model
49. · Difference of Strong Ions: Apparent vs. Effective
50. Emergency Clinical Cases Solved Step by Step
51. · Clinical Case 1: Coma, Septic Shock and Diabetic Ketoacidosis
52. · Clinical Case 2: Mixed Alkalosis in a Critical Post-Chemotherapy Patient
53. Safety and Monitoring in Perfusion
54. · Clinical Formulas and Essential Safety Parameters
55. · Volemia Evaluation with Bedside Ultrasonography (POCUS)