Epistemis

Halitosis

Specialty: Gastrointestinal.

  • bad breath

Why it occurs

  • Poor oral hygiene / cavities
  • Periodontal disease
  • ENT infection (sinusitis, tonsillitis)
  • Gastroesophageal reflux

Initial workup

Oral examination (caries, periodontitis); evaluate ENT or digestive cause.

red flags

Halitosis with dysphagia, weight loss or cervical mass (rule out neoplasia).

Standard management

  • Oral hygiene and dental treatment
  • Treat the ENT or digestive cause

Educational guidance for study. It is NOT a prescription recommendation. The actual choice depends on the cause, the patient, and current guidelines.

PreviousHigh cost for ostomy
Area
Gastrointestinal
Listed causes
4
Treatment options
2
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