Atropine, Cyclopentolate, Tropicamide
Parasympatholytics temporarily block the muscarinic receptors of the iris and ciliary body, inducing mydriasis and accommodation paralysis (cycloplegia) essential for refraction and the management of uveitis.
Mechanism
💊 Commercial NamesIsopto Atropina, Colircusi Cicloplejico, Mydriacyl, Tropicacyl, Colircusi Tropicamida.
🔬 Pharmacological GroupAntagonistas competitivos de receptores de acetilcolina (parasimpaticolíticos). Aminas terciarias sintéticas.
🧪 Standard PresentationsAtropina sulfato 0.5% y 1.0%, Ciclopentolato clorhidrato 1.0%, Tropicamida 1.0%.
Mechanism of Action
Estos agentes actúan bloqueando competitivamente la neurotransmisión colinérgica en las uniones efectoras autonómicas oculares:
- Bloqueo Competitivo de Receptores Muscarínicos M3: Se unen de forma selectiva y con alta afinidad al receptor M3 en el esfínter del iris y el músculo ciliar, impidiendo el acoplamiento de la acetilcolina endógena.
- Midriasis Pasiva: Al inhibirse el esfínter pupilar, prevalece el tono simpático del músculo dilatador del iris (controlado por receptores α1), provocando una dilatación pupilar (midriasis) masiva y sostenida.
- Cicloplejía por Parálisis del Músculo Ciliar: La inhibición del músculo ciliar impide la acomodación ocular para la visión cercana, fijando el cristalino en su longitud focal de reposo para el infinito (útil para determinar la refracción objetiva de forma precisa, especialmente en pediatría).
- Efecto Antiinflamatorio y Analgésico en Uveítis: Relaja el cuerpo ciliar espasmódico inflamado, aliviando el dolor ocular profundo, y previene la formación de sinequias posteriores (adherencias del iris a la cápsula anterior del cristalino) al mantener la pupila dilatada y en movimiento.
Pharmacokinetics
Quantitative Ocular and Systemic Pharmacokinetics
| Parameter | Atropine Sulfate 1.0% | Ciclopentolato Hydrochloride 1.0% | Tropicamide 1.0% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Onset of Action | Mydriasis: 30 - 40 min. Maximum cycloplegia: 60 - 180 min. | Mydriasis: 15 - 30 min. Cycloplegia: 30 - 45 min. | Mydriasis: 20 - 30 min. Cycloplegia: 20 - 35 min (weak). |
| Duration of Effect | Mydriasis: 7 - 14 days. Cycloplegia: 6 - 12 days. | Mydriasis and cycloplegia: 24 hours on average. | Mydriasis and rapid cycloplegia: 4 - 6 hours on average. |
| Bioavailability | High systemic conjunctival and nasolacrimal absorption. | Moderate systemic mucosal absorption. | Low systemic retention due to rapid clearance. |
| Plasma Elimination | Phase I hepatic metabolism and renal excretion. t1/2 ≈ 4 h. | Clearance mainly hepatic. t1/2 ≈ 2 - 3 h. | Ultra-rapid hepatic inactive plasma metabolism. |
Security
Anticholinergic Systemic Toxicity: Atropine Intoxication Syndrome
Systemic absorption of ophthalmic atropine massively drains into the bloodstream, blocking muscarinic receptors of target organs systemically. In children and the elderly, this triggers the classic anticholinergic toxicity syndrome characterized by: 1) Mad as a hatter (delirium, psychomotor agitation, visual hallucinations and disorientation due to muscarinic blockade in the CNS); 2) Red as a beet (thermal compensation peripheral cutaneous vasodilation); 3) Dry as a bone (extreme xerostomia, anhidrosis of the mucous membranes and skin); 4) Hot as a hare (deep central hyperthermia due to inability to dissipate heat through sweat); 5) Blind as a bat (complete cycloplegia with severe photophobia) and severe reflex cardiac tachycardia.
Contraindications
- Absolute: Primary narrow-angle glaucoma or anatomically confirmed closed angle (mydriasis causes folding of the peripheral iris towards the iridocorneal angle, completely occluding the trabecular meshwork and triggering an acute bilateral obstructive glaucoma crisis with an emergent course); hypersensitivity to the chemical group of atropine.
- Relative: Fever of unknown origin or sepsis in children; pre-existing basal tachycardia; obstructive prostatic hypertrophy (risk of acute urinary retention).
Adverse Effects (ADR)
- Ocular Sites: Severe and persistent photophobia (impossibility of adaptive pupillary constriction); inability to read for near vision; allergic follicular conjunctivitis; transient elevation of IOP at predisposed angles.
- Systemic: Tachycardia, dryness of the skin and mucous membranes, urinary retention, constipation of mechanical dural origin, transient delirium and central hyperthermia.
Epistemis is educational review material. It is not a medical device, does not diagnose or prescribe treatment, and does not replace formal medical training, current clinical guidelines, or professional clinical judgment.
- System
- Ophthalmology
- Cluster
- Muscarinic Antagonists