Clinical Biochemistry and Advanced Pathophysiology of Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease

Biochemistry · Basic Sciences

How it begins

La barrera de filtración glomerular (BFG) es una estructura trilaminar altamente especializada localizada en el corpúsculo renal, cuya función principal es la producción de un ultrafiltrado plasmático prácticamente libre de proteínas, manteniendo una conductividad hidráulica sumamente elevada. Su selectividad depende de dos propiedades físicas fundamentales de las moléculas: su tamaño molecular (selectividad de…

What it covers

1. The Glomerular Filtration Barrier
2. · Biophysical Determinants of Filtration
3. Renal Hemodynamics and Autoregulation
4. · 1. The Myogenic Reflex (Bayliss Effect)
5. · 2. Tubuloglomerular Feedback (FTG)
6. · Effects of Drugs on Glomerular Hemodynamics
7. Molecular Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
8. · 1. Prerenal AKI (Prerenal Hyperazotemia)
9. · 2. Parenchymal AKI (Intrinsic) — Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
10. · Exogenous and Endogenous Nephrotoxicity
11. · 3. Postrenal (Obstructive) AKI
12. Biochemical Biomarkers of AKI (Structural Damage)
13. Classical Biomarkers and their Advanced Biochemical Interpretation
14. · Serum Creatinine: Dynamics and Limitations
15. · Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and its Tubular Reabsorption
16. · Sodium Excretion Fraction (FE Na)
17. Molecular Pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
18. · 1. Adaptive Glomerular Hyperfiltration Model (Brenner Effect)
19. · 2. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Tubulointerstitial Fibrogenesis
20. Biochemical Staging and Multidimensional Prognosis (KDIGO Guides)
21. · Evolution of Estimation Formulas: CKD-EPI 2021
22. Mineral and Bone Metabolism Disorders (MBD-CKD)
23. · The Endocrine Axis FGF-23 — Klotho
24. · Pathophysiology of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (SHPT)
25. · Vascular Calcification and Calciphylaxis
26. Acid-Base Balance Alterations of Renal Origin
27. · 1. Proximal Bicarbonate Reabsorption
28. · 2. Ammoniogenesis and Excretion of Ammonium (NH₄⁺)
29. · 3. Distal Acidification (Intercalated Type α Cells)
30. Hydroelectrolyte and Osmoregulation Disorders in CKD
31. · 1. Loss of Concentration and Dilution Capacity: Isostenuria
32. · 2. Pathophysiology of Hyperkalemia and its Cardiac Effects
33. Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease
34. · 1. Physiology of Erythropoietin (EPO) Synthesis and Oxygen Regulation
35. · 2. Hepcidin and Inflammation: Functional Iron Deficiency Anemia
36. Uremic Syndrome and Uremic Toxins
37. · 1. Small Water-soluble Molecules (500 Da)
38. · 2. Medium Molecules (500 Da)
39. · 3. Protein-Bound Toxins (TUP)
40. · Transport Mechanism and Tissue Toxicity of TUP
41. Glomerulopathies: Clinical-Biochemical Nephrotic and Nephritic Syndromes
42. · Pathophysiology of Metabolic Changes in Nephrotic Syndrome
43. · Pathophysiology of Inflammation in Nephritic Syndrome
44. Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD)
45. · 1. Metabolic Pathways of Cellular Injury
46. · 2. SGLT2-Mediated Hemodynamic Pathophysiology
47. Hypertensive Nephropathy (Nephroangiosclerosis)
48. Hereditary Cystic Nephropathies (ADPKD)
49. · Pathophysiology of the Primary Cilium and Calcium Dysfunction
50. Cardiorenal and Hepatorrenal Syndromes
51. · 1. Cardiorenal Syndrome (CRS)
52. · 2. Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS)
53. Pathophysiology of Kidney Support (Dialysis and Transplant)
54. · 1. Biophysics of Hemodialysis
55. · 2. Physiology of Peritoneal Dialysis
56. · 3. Immunobiology of Kidney Graft Rejection
57. Laboratory Analytical Methodologies in Renal Biochemistry
58. · 1. Serum Creatinine Determination Assays
59. · 2. Measurement of the Albumin/Creatinine Ratio (CAC / UACR)
60. Integrated Differential Diagnosis Algorithm of Nephropathies