Biochemistry: Metabolic Integration

Biochemistry · Basic Sciences

How it begins

El metabolismo no opera en vías aisladas, sino como un sistema dinámico, integrado y finamente regulado que responde a señales nutricionales, hormonales y energéticas. Comprender su integración es comprender la fisiología celular y sistémica en su totalidad.

What it covers

1. Metabolic Integration
2. Introduction and Principles of Metabolic Integration
3. · Fundamental Thermodynamic Principles
4. · Compartmentalization: The Structural Basis of Integration
5. Central Metabolic Pathways and their Interconnections
6. · Acetyl-CoA: The Great Metabolite of Encrucijada
7. Glucose Metabolism: Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis and Glycogen
8. · Glycolysis: Cytosolic Catabolism of Glucose
9. · Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)
10. · Gluconeogenesis: Hepatic and Renal Glucose Synthesis
11. · Glycogen Metabolism
12. Lipid Metabolism: β-Oxidation, Lipogenesis and Ketogenesis
13. · β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
14. · De Novo Lipogenesis
15. · Ketogenesis and Ketone Bodies
16. Amino Acid Metabolism: Catabolism, Urea Cycle and Integration
17. · Amino Acid Catabolism: Destinies of the Carbon Skeleton
18. · Transamination and Oxidative Deamination
19. · Urea Cycle: Nitrogen Elimination
20. · Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAA)
21. Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation
22. · The Krebs Cycle (TCA/Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle)
23. · Electronic Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation
24. Integrating Molecules: Signals of the Metabolic State
25. · NAD⁺ as Coenzyme, Signal and Epigenetic Substrate
26. Metabolic Integration by Organs: Tissue Specialization
27. Hormonal Regulation of Integrated Metabolism
28. Metabolic States: From Postprandial to Prolonged Fasting
29. Interorgan Metabolic Cycles
30. AMPK and mTORC1: The Master Sensors of Cellular Energy
31. · AMPK: The Energy Deficit Sensor
32. · mTORC1: The Energy Excess Sensor
33. Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Resistance: Biochemical Basis
34. · Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (DM1): Absolute Insulin Deficiency
35. · Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2): Insulin Resistance and β Cell Dysfunction
36. · Chronic Biochemical Complications of Hyperglycemia
37. Ketosis, Ketoacidosis and Ketone Bodies: Biochemistry and Clinic
38. · Ketosis Spectrum
39. · Alcoholic Ketoacidosis
40. Metabolic Syndrome: Pathological Integration
41. Inborn Errors of Metabolism: Biochemical Principles
42. Metabolic Integration in Physical Exercise and Intermittent Fasting
43. · Exercise Metabolism: Use of Fuels According to Intensity
44. · The "Crossover Concept" and Metabolic Flexibility
45. · Training Adaptations: Mitochondrial Biogenesis and PGC-1α
46. · Intermittent Fasting and Caloric Restriction: Molecular Mechanisms