Embryology · Clinical Applications

Embryology · Basic Sciences

How it begins

Del cigoto unicelular al organismo completo en ocho semanas de organogénesis. Este documento integra el desarrollo normal con su correlato patológico: cada error morfogenético explicado desde su mecanismo molecular y temporal hasta la malformación congénita que produce en el recién nacido.

What it covers

1. Time frame, terminology and periodization of development
2. · The problem of dating: age of fertilization vs. gestational age
3. · The three great stages
4. · Vocabulary of developmental pathology
5. Gametogenesis, meiosis and the genesis of aneuploidies
6. · Two opposing chronologies: spermatogenesis versus oogenesis
7. · Nondisjunction and clinical aneuploidies
8. Fertilization, segmentation and implantation
9. · Fertilization: the meeting in the tubal ampulla
10. · Segmentation: from the zygote to the blastocyst
11. · Twinship: chronology is everything
12. Bilaminar disc, trophoblast and trophoblastic disease
13. · The embryoblast becomes bilaminar
14. · The trophoblast: the invasive interface
15. · Gestational trophoblastic disease
16. Gastrulation: birth of the three germinative leaves
17. · The primitive line and cell migration
18. · Organization of the intraembryonic mesoderm
19. · The establishment of laterality (left-right axis)
20. Derived from the three germinative leaves
21. · ECTODERM "what is outside and the nervous system"
22. · MESODERM “support, movement, blood and urogenital viscera”
23. · ENDODERM «the lining of the tubes and their glands»
24. Body folding and principles of teratology
25. · Folding: from flat disc to cylindrical body
26. · Teratology: Wilson's five principles
27. · Critical periods: the vulnerability calendar
28. Neural tube and neural crest
29. · Primary neurulation
30. · Neural tube defects (NTD)
31. · The neural crest: the "fourth germinative leaf"
32. · Neurocristopathies
33. Pharyngeal apparatus: arches, bags and slits
34. · Architecture: a wall with three coverings
35. · Pharyngeal pouches (endoderm): glandular derivatives
36. · Clefts (ectoderm) and thyroid descent: cervical cysts
37. Cardiovascular system and fetal circulation
38. · From the cardiac tube to the four-chamber heart
39. · Section: four simultaneous fronts
40. · Aortic arches: derivatives that last
41. · Fetal circulation and its three short circuits
42. · Congenital heart disease
43. Digestive system: rotations, recanalization and atresias
44. · The three segments and their irrigation
45. · Recanalization: the origin of luminal stenosis and atresia
46. · Stomach rotation
47. · The rotation of the midgut
48. · Wall defects and persistence of ducts
49. · Pancreas: two outlines, one gland
50. Respiratory system: pulmonary and surfactant phases
51. · The respiratory diverticulum and the tracheoesophageal septum
52. · The four phases of lung development
53. Uronogenital system and sexual differentiation
54. · Three successive kidneys
55. · Kidney rise and its accidents
56. · The indifferent period: two sets of conduits
57. Embryonic annexes: placenta, cord and amniotic fluid
58. · The placenta: an interface of two origins
59. · The umbilical cord
60. · Amniotic fluid
61. · Membranes and vestiges
62. Systematic teratology: infections, drugs and toxins
63. · Congenital infections — the acronym TORCH
64. · Drugs and teratogenic chemical agents
65. Prenatal diagnosis and assisted reproduction
66. · First trimester screening
67. · Second trimester screening — “quadruple test”
68. · Invasive diagnostic techniques
69. · Assisted reproduction techniques
70. Synthesis: embryological atlas of syndromes