Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic Kidney Disease | Internal Medicine

How it begins

La Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) se define como la presencia de anomalías en la estructura o función renal, presentes durante más de 3 meses , con implicaciones para la salud. El criterio de 3 meses es fundamental para diferenciarla de la lesión renal aguda (LRA), que puede ser reversible.

What it covers

1. Definition and Diagnostic Criteria
2. · Markers of Kidney Damage (any of the following ≥3 months)
3. · Reduction in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
4. Epidemiology and Risk Factors
5. · Risk Factors for the Development of CKD
6. Etiology and Main Causes
7. · Diabetic Nephropathy — In-Depth
8. KDIGO 2012 staging
9. · TFG categories (G1–G5)
10. · Albuminuria Categories (A1–A3)
11. · KDIGO Risk Matrix (CGA)
12. General Pathophysiology of CKD
13. · Hyperfiltration Theory (Brenner)
14. · Activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
15. · Tubulointerstitial fibrosis — The Common Denominator
16. · Loss of Concentration and Dilution Function
17. · Progressive Loss of Homeostatic Functions
18. CKD Progression Mechanisms
19. · 1. Proteinuria as a Progression Factor
20. · 2. Glomerular and Intraglomerular Hypertension
21. · 3. Podocyte Damage
22. · 4. Peritubular Capillary Rarefaction and Hypoxia
23. · 5. Low Grade Chronic Inflammation
24. · 6. Metabolic Acidosis as an Independent Factor of Progression
25. Uremic syndrome
26. · Classification of Uremic Toxins (EUTox Working Group)
27. · Clinical Manifestations of Uremic Syndrome
28. Systemic Complications of CKD
29. · Anemia of CKD
30. · Cardiovascular Disease in CKD
31. · High blood pressure in CKD
32. Metabolic and Mineral-Bone Disorders
33. · Mineral and Bone Disorder Associated with CKD (BMT-ERC / CKD-MBD)
34. · Metabolic Acidosis
35. · Potassium Disorders
36. Comprehensive Diagnostic Evaluation
37. · Estimation of GFR — Equations
38. · Serum Creatinine Measurement — Limitations
39. · Cystatin C
40. · Quantification of Proteinuria
41. · Etiological Study
42. Biomarkers and Laboratory in ERC
43. · Complete Laboratory Profile in ERC
44. · Novel and Emerging Biomarkers
45. Comprehensive Conservative Management
46. · Fundamental Nephroprotective Interventions
47. · Dietary-Nutritional Management
48. · Management of CKD-MBD
49. · Management of Dyslipidemia
50. · Preparation for Renal Replacement Therapy
51. Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT)
52. · Hemodialysis (HD)
53. · Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)
54. · Kidney Transplant
55. Key Clinical Correlations
56. · Correlation 1 — "Acute-on-Chronic": AKI on CKD Previous
57. · Correlation 2 — Drug Adjustment in CKD
58. · Correlation 3 — CKD and Pregnancy
59. · Correlation 4 — Monoclonal and Kidney (Paraproteinemias)
60. · Correlation 5 — Cardio-Renal Syndrome
61. · Correlation 6 — Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
62. · Integrated Management Algorithm — Summary