Arterial Hypertension

Arterial Hypertension — Internal Medicine

How it begins

La hipertensión arterial (HTA) se define como la elevación persistente de la presión arterial sistólica (PAS) ≥ 130 mmHg y/o la presión arterial diastólica (PAD) ≥ 80 mmHg (ACC/AHA 2017), o ≥ 140/90 mmHg (ESC/ESH 2018/2023), medida con técnica estandarizada en al menos dos ocasiones separadas en condiciones de reposo adecuadas.

What it covers

1. Definition and Classification
2. · ACC/AHA Classification 2017
3. · ESC/ESH Classification 2023
4. · Special Phenotypes
5. Epidemiology and Global Burden
6. · Demographic and Socioeconomic Variations
7. Essential Pathophysiology
8. · Determinants of Cardiac Output
9. · Determinants of Peripheral Vascular Resistance
10. · Integrated Neurohumoral Mechanisms
11. RAAS, Sympathetic Nervous System and Vasopressin
12. · Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
13. · Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) in HTN
14. · Vasopressin (ADH) and Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
15. Endothelial Dysfunction and Vascular Remodeling
16. · Nitric Oxide (NO): Central Axis of Endothelial Function
17. · Endothelin-1 (ET-1)
18. · Hypertensive Vascular Remodeling
19. The Kidney in Arterial Hypertension
20. · Pressure Natriuresis Theory (Guyton)
21. · Hypertensive Nephroangiosclerosis
22. · Proteinuria as a Marker of Kidney Damage
23. · Tubular Na⁺ Carriers as Therapeutic Targets
24. Primary HTN: Etiopathogenic Factors
25. · Genetic Factors
26. · Environmental and Lifestyle Factors
27. Secondary HTN: Causes, Diagnosis and Management
28. · Primary Hyperaldosteronism: Deeper
29. Clinical Manifestations
30. · Nonspecific Symptoms
31. · Findings in the Physical Examination
32. · Hypertensive Retinopathy: Keith-Wagener-Barker (KWB) Classification
33. Target Organ Damage (DOD)
34. · Heart
35. · Brain
36. · Vascular Tree
37. Hypertensive Crises: Urgencies and Emergencies
38. · Types of Hypertensive Emergency and Specific Management
39. Comprehensive Diagnostic Evaluation
40. · Correct BP Measurement Technique
41. · Ambulatory BP Monitoring (24h ABPM)
42. · Laboratory and Imaging Studies
43. Cardiovascular Risk Stratification
44. · Cardiovascular Risk Categories (ESC/ESH 2023)
45. Blood Pressure Therapeutic Goals
46. Lifestyle Modifications (LEV)
47. Antihypertensive Pharmacotherapy
48. · New Pharmacological Classes with Antihypertensive Effect
49. · Initial Combination Strategy
50. HTA in Special Populations
51. · HTN in Pregnancy
52. · HTN in the Elderly
53. · HTA and Diabetes Mellitus
54. · HTA and CKD
55. · HTN in Women
56. · HBP and Ischemic Heart Disease / Previous Stroke
57. Resistant and Refractory HTA
58. · Pseudoresistance: The First Thing to Rule Out
59. · Causes of Truly Resistant HTN
60. · Stepped Therapeutic Approach
61. · Long-Term Follow-up of Hypertensive Patients