Heart Failure

Heart Failure — Internal Medicine

How it begins

Análisis fisiopatológico, clínico y terapéutico exhaustivo del síndrome de insuficiencia cardíaca en todas sus formas de presentación, mecanismos moleculares, estrategias diagnósticas y tratamiento basado en evidencia.

What it covers

1. Heart Failure
2. Definition and Epidemiology
3. · Global Epidemiology
4. · Socioeconomic Impact
5. Classification and Staging
6. · Classification by Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)
7. · NYHA Functional Classification
8. · ACC/AHA Staging — Evolutionary Stages
9. · Temporal and Presentation Classification
10. Etiology and Risk Factors
11. · Causes of HFrEF-rEF
12. · Causes of HFpEFV / Universal Risk Factors
13. · Decompensation Precipitants
14. Hemodynamic Mechanisms
15. · Determinants of Cardiac Output
16. · Frank-Starling curves in CI
17. · Nohria-Stevenson Hemodynamic Profiles
18. · Intracardiac Pressures and Right Catheterization
19. Neurohumoral and Molecular Mechanisms
20. · Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
21. · Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) in HF
22. · Natriuretic Peptide System
23. · Other Relevant Neurohumoral Systems
24. · Alterations of Myocardial Energy Metabolism
25. Cardiac Remodeling
26. · Types of Ventricular Remodeling
27. · Cellular and Molecular Changes of Remodeling
28. · The Remodeling as Therapeutic Diana
29. Clinical Manifestations
30. · Cardinal Symptoms of IC
31. · Physical Exploration in the CI
32. · Atypical Symptoms (Frequent in Elderly)
33. Diagnosis
34. · ESC Diagnostic Algorithm 2021
35. · Echocardiography — Key Parameters
36. · Diastolic Dysfunction Criteria (ASE/EACVI 2016)
37. · Framingham Criteria for HF
38. · Essential Complementary Studies
39. Pharmacological Treatment
40. · 1. ACE inhibitors (ACE inhibitors)
41. · 2. Beta blockers
42. · 3. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists (MRA)
43. · 4. SGLT2 inhibitors (Gliflozins)
44. · Other Drugs with Demonstrated Benefit
45. · Drugs Contraindicated or to Avoid in IC
46. Devices and Intervention
47. · Implantable Automatic Defibrillator (ICD)
48. · Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT)
49. · Mechanical Ventricular Assistance (LVAD) and Heart Transplant
50. · Valvular Interventions in the Context of HF
51. Acute Decompensated HF (ICAD)
52. · ICAD Clinical Presentations
53. · Acute HF Treatment Algorithm (ESC 2021)
54. HF with Preserved LVEF (HF-LVEFp)
55. · Specific Pathophysiology of HF-LVEF
56. · HFpEF-pEF Diagnosis — HFA-PEFF Score
57. · HFpEF treatment
58. Complications and Prognosis
59. · Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) in HF
60. · Cardiorenal Syndrome
61. · Hyponatremia in HF
62. · Cardiac Cachexia
63. · Prognostic Markers in IC
64. · Cardiac Amyloidosis — Emerging Differential Diagnosis
65. Monitoring and Tracking
66. · Post-Hospital Discharge Follow-up
67. · Ambulatory Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring
68. · Telemonitoring and Remote Monitoring
69. · Palliative Care in Advanced HF
70. · Cardiac Rehabilitation in HF