Acute Kidney Injury — Internal Medicine · Expert Reference

Internal Medicine · Clinical Specialties

How it begins

Definición KDIGO, fisiopatología por compartimento, contextos clínicos especiales, biomarcadores de daño tubular, terapia de reemplazo renal y transición a ERC.

What it covers

1. Definition and staging: KDIGO 2012 criteria
2. · KDIGO 2012 diagnostic criteria
3. · KDIGO staging — Three stages
4. Epidemiology, mortality and global impact
5. · Key epidemiological data
6. · Causes of AKI according to the clinical context
7. Etiological classification: prerenal, intrinsic and postrenal
8. Prerenal AKI: pathophysiology and differential diagnosis
9. · Glomerular autoregulation mechanisms and their failure
10. · Tubular response to hypoperfusion — Urine as a mirror of hemodynamic status
11. · Situations that distort urinary rates
12. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN): ischemic and toxic
13. · Pathophysiology of ischemic ATN — Evolutionary phases
14. · Mechanisms of persistent vasoconstriction in ATN
15. · Toxic NTA — Main agents and mechanisms
16. Glomerular, vascular and interstitial AKI: intrinsic non-tubular AKI
17. · Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) — Glomerular AKI
18. · Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) — Hemolytic vascular AKI
19. · Cholesterol embolism — AKI in the vascular patient undergoing surgery
20. Posrenal AKI: urinary tract obstruction
21. · Pathophysiology of urinary obstruction
22. AKI in sepsis: the most lethal renal syndrome
23. · Pathophysiology of septic AKI — Beyond ischemia
24. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS): functional AKI in cirrhosis
25. · Pathophysiology — The splanchnic vasodilation hypothesis
26. · Classification and diagnostic criteria (EASL 2018)
27. AKI due to rhabdomyolysis: diagnosis and aggressive resuscitation
28. · Causes of rhabdomyolysis
29. · Aggressive fluid resuscitation — The mainstay of treatment
30. AKI in pregnancy: specific causes and management
31. · Specific causes of AKI in pregnancy
32. AKI in oncology: tumor lysis syndrome and other causes
33. · Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS)
34. Classical and functional markers of kidney function
35. · Creatinine, urea and cystatin C
36. Biomarkers of tubular damage: the new diagnostic generation
37. Urinary sediment and complementary diagnostic studies
38. · Urinary sediment as a "liquid biopsy" of the kidney
39. Hemodynamic management and nephroprotection in AKI
40. · Restoration and optimization of renal perfusion
41. · General nephroprotective measures
42. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) in AKI
43. · TRR modalities available
44. Indications for urgent dialysis in AKI
45. · Absolute indications (emergency) — AEIOU Mnemonics
46. AKI → CKD transition and clinical correlations
47. · The AKI-to-CKD transition — An underestimated risk
48. · Mechanisms of the AKI-to-CKD transition
49. · Post-LRA follow-up — KDIGO recommended protocol
50. · Problem cases: differential diagnosis of AKI