Internal Medicine: Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

Internal Medicine · Clinical Specialties

How it begins

Fisiopatología molecular, criterios diagnósticos, complicaciones orgánicas y estrategias terapéuticas actualizadas de la pandemia metabólica del siglo XXI.

What it covers

1. Epidemiology, History and Magnitude of the Problem
2. · The Metabolic Pandemic: Global Figures
3. · Metabolic Syndrome: Prevalence and Impact
4. · Brief Conceptual History
5. · The Concept of "Obesity as a Disease" — Paradigm Change 2025
6. Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine and Immune Organ
7. · Functional Types of Adipose Tissue
8. · Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT) vs. Subcutaneous (SAT): Key Metabolic Differences
9. · Adipokines: Endocrine Signals of the Adipose Tissue
10. Neuroendocrine Regulation of Energy Balance
11. · Hypothalamic Intake Control Centers
12. · Gastrointestinal Hormones for Appetite Regulation
13. · Food Addiction and Reward System
14. · Components of Total Energy Expenditure (GET)
15. Pathophysiology of Obesity: Multifactorial Etiology
16. · Genetic and Epigenetic Factors
17. · Secondary Obesities: Endocrine Causes
18. · Gut Microbiota and Obesity
19. · Inflammation of the Adipose Tissue: The Pathophysiological Core
20. Classification and Diagnosis of Obesity
21. · Body Mass Index (BMI): Usefulness and Limitations
22. · Limitations of BMI and Complementary Metrics
23. · Obesity Phenotypes: Beyond BMI
24. Metabolic Syndrome: Comparative Diagnostic Criteria
25. · Current Diagnostic Criteria: Harmonized Consensus (2009)
26. · Historical Comparison of Diagnostic Criteria
27. Insulin Resistance: Molecular Mechanisms
28. · Normal Insulin Signaling and its Blockages
29. · Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition of Insulin Signaling
30. · Tissues Affected by IR and Specific Consequences
31. · Evaluation of IR in Clinical Practice
32. Cardiovascular Complications of Obesity and MS
33. · Accelerated Atherosclerosis in MS: The Atherogenic Lipidogram
34. · Endothelial Dysfunction: The Initial Injury
35. · High blood pressure in the MS
36. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Prediabetes and the Glycemic Continuum
37. · From Normal Phenotype to DM2: The Pathophysiological Continuum
38. · Diagnostic Criteria for DM2 and Prediabetes (ADA/ALAD 2024)
39. · Mechanism of β Cells in MS: Glycolipotoxicity
40. MAFLD / MASLD: Metabolic Fatty Liver
41. · Pathogenesis of MASLD: "Multiple Hits" Model
42. · Histological Staging (SAF System / NASH CRN System)
43. · Non-Invasive Diagnosis of MASLD
44. Systemic Complications of Obesity
45. Treatment: Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes
46. · Weight Loss Goals: Effects According to Percentage Achieved
47. · Dietary Intervention
48. · Physical Exercise in Obesity and SM
49. Pharmacotherapy of Obesity: Era of Incretins
50. · Drugs on the Horizon: Triple Agonists and Innovations
51. Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery
52. · Indications for Bariatric Surgery (IFSO/SECO/SEEDO 2022, ADA 2024)
53. · Main Procedures
54. · Mechanisms of Metabolic Benefit of Surgery: Beyond Weight