Genetics and Cancer — General Pathology

General Pathology · Basic Sciences

How it begins

La neoplasia (del griego νέος πλάσμα, "nueva formación") es una masa anormal de tejido cuyo crecimiento excede y no está coordinado con el de los tejidos normales, y que persiste de la misma manera excesiva tras el cese del estímulo que lo provocó. Esta autonomía del crecimiento, acuñada por Willis (1952), sigue siendo la definición más precisa: el cáncer crece por sus propias reglas, ignorando las señales del…

What it covers

1. Genetics and Cancer
2. Neoplasia — Concept and Classification
3. · Nomenclature of Tumors
4. · Different Characteristics: Benign vs. Malignant
5. · Differentiation and Anaplasia
6. The Hallmarks of Cancer
7. · Essential and Facilitating Hallmarks (Hanahan & Weinberg 2022)
8. Proto-oncogenes and Oncogenes
9. · Functional Categories of Oncogenes
10. Tumor Suppressor Genes
11. · Main Tumor Suppressor Genes
12. DNA Repair Genes
13. · Repair Systems and Cancer
14. · BRCA1/2 and PARP Inhibitors — Synthetic Lethality
15. · Lynch Syndrome — The Most Common Inherited MMR Deficiency
16. Cell Cycle and Cancer
17. · The Machinery of the Cellular Cycle
18. · Cell Cycle Alterations in Cancer
19. Apoptosis and Evasion in Cancer
20. · Apoptosis Avoidance Mechanisms in Cancer
21. Telomeres, Senescence and Immortalization
22. Cancer Epigenetics
23. · Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cancer
24. Stages of Carcinogenesis
25. · The Classic Three Stage Model
26. · The Vogelstein Sequence — Colorectal Adenoma-Carcinoma
27. Carcinogenic Agents
28. · Chemical Carcinogens
29. · Radiation and Carcinogenesis
30. · Viral Oncogenesis
31. Classification of Tumors
32. · Staging Systems
33. · Molecular Classification of Common Tumors
34. Invasion and Metastasis
35. · The Metastatic Cascade
36. · Organic Specificity of Metastasis — "Seed and Soil"
37. Tumor Microenvironment
38. · Components of the Tumor Microenvironment
39. Tumor Angiogenesis
40. · Antiangiogenics in Clinic
41. Tumor Metabolism — Warburg Effect
42. · The Warburg Effect and its Biological Justification
43. · Glutaminolysis and Tumor Lipid Synthesis
44. Hereditary Cancer Syndromes
45. Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer
46. · Molecular Biomarkers in Oncology
47. · Molecular Classification of Tumors — WHO 2021/2022
48. Directed Therapies and Immunotherapy
49. · Directed Therapies — By Class
50. · Mechanisms of Resistance to Targeted Therapies
51. Integration and Final Perspective
52. · The Evil Sequence — Integration of Concepts
53. · Perspective of Precision Oncology
54. · Integrating Summary
55. · Bibliographical References