Metabolism of Nitrogen Compounds — Advanced Biochemistry

Biochemistry · Basic Sciences

How it begins

El nitrógeno (N) constituye aproximadamente el 16% de la masa seca de las proteínas y es un elemento constitutivo esencial de aminoácidos, nucleótidos, coenzimas (NAD⁺, FAD, CoA), neurotransmisores, hormonas y numerosas moléculas señalizadoras. A diferencia del carbono, el hidrógeno y el oxígeno —que pueden eliminarse como CO₂ y H₂O a través de la respiración—, el nitrógeno no puede excretarse en forma molecular…

What it covers

1. Introduction and Nitrogen Balance
2. · Nitrogen Balance
3. The Pool of Amino Acids and Metabolic Destinations
4. · Metabolic Classification of Amino Acids
5. Transamination
6. · Enzymatic Mechanism: Double Displacement (Ping-Pong)
7. · Clinically Relevant Aminotransferases
8. Oxidative Deamination and Release of the Ammonium Ion
9. · Allosteric Regulation of GDH: A Node of Metabolic Integration
10. · Other Deamination Routes
11. Transport of Ammonium and Glutamine as a Nitrogen Vehicle
12. · Glutamine Synthase: Extrahepatic Detoxification of Ammonium
13. · Glutaminase: Nitrogen Release in the Liver and Kidney
14. The Urea Cycle (Krebs-Henseleit Cycle)
15. · The Five Reactions of the Cycle
16. · Regulation of the Urea Cycle
17. Fate of the Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids
18. · Catabolism of Clinically Relevant Amino Acids
19. Biosynthesis of Non-Essential Amino Acids
20. · Serine as a Biosynthetic Hub
21. One Carbon Metabolism and Folate Cycle
22. · The Folate Cycle
23. · The Methionine and SAM Cycle
24. Metabolism of Purine Nucleotides
25. · De Novo Synthesis of Purines
26. · Purinas Rescue Route
27. · Purinic Catabolism: Formation of Uric Acid
28. Metabolism of Pyrimidine Nucleotides
29. · De Novo Synthesis of Pyrimidines (6 Reactions)
30. · Pyrimidine Catabolism
31. Heme Group Metabolism
32. · Heme Biosynthesis: 8 Reactions
33. · Heme Catabolism: Bilirubin and its Metabolism
34. Metabolism of Creatine and Creatinine
35. · Creatine Synthesis
36. · The Creatine Kinase (CK) System
37. · Creatinine: Renal Marker
38. Synthesis of Neurotransmitters from Amino Acids
39. · The Catecholamine Pathway (Tyrosine → Dopamine → NE → Epinephrine)
40. · Serotonin (5-HT): From Tryptophan
41. · GABA: Glutamate
42. · Histamine: From Histidine
43. Nitric Oxide (NO) Metabolism
44. · Synthesis: Nitric Oxide Synthases (NOS)
45. · NO Signaling Mechanisms
46. Global Regulation of Nitrogen Metabolism
47. · Hormonal Regulation
48. · The Intestine-Liver-Kidney Axis in Nitrogen Metabolism
49. · Integration with the Energy State: AMPK and mTORC1
50. Summary of Key Clinical Correlations
51. · Drugs That Intervene in Nitrogen Metabolism — Summary