Emergencies: Acute Heart Failure — Emergency and Critical Care Medicine

Emergency Room · Clinical Specialties

How it begins

Fisiopatología multiorgánica, perfiles de Nohria-Stevenson, diagnóstico mediante POCUS y biomarcadores, estrategias avanzadas de descongestión, soporte circulatorio mecánico y guías de manejo de la ESC y AHA/ACC.

What it covers

1. Acute Heart Failure
2. Definition, Classification and Epidemiology
3. · Epidemiology and Disease Burden
4. · Clinical Classification: Nohria-Stevenson Hemodynamic Profiles
5. · Hemodynamic Differentiation: De Novo ICA vs. Decompensated Chronicle
6. Advanced ICA Pathophysiology
7. · Hemodynamic Congestion vs. Tissue Congestion
8. · The Neurohumoral Cascade and Counterregulatory Responses
9. · Starling Equation and Alveolocapillary Exchange
10. · Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
11. Emergency Triggering Factors: "CHAMPIT"
12. Clinical Evaluation and Interpretation of Biomarkers
13. · AHF Semiology: Signs of High Sensitivity and Specificity
14. · Natriuretic Peptides: Cut-Off Values and Confounding Factors
15. · Other Biomarkers of Diagnostic and Prognostic Utility in Emergencies
16. Imaging Tools in Emergencies and POCUS
17. · Emergency Chest X-ray
18. · Emergency Transthoracic Echocardiography (FOCUS)
19. · Bedside Pulmonary Ultrasound (POCUS)
20. Oxygen therapy and Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV)
21. · Conventional Oxygen Therapy and Indications
22. · Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV): Pathophysiology of its Benefit
23. · CPAP vs. BiPAP: Selection Criteria
24. · Criteria for Intubation and Invasive Mechanical Ventilation (IMV)
25. Loop Diuretic Therapy and Diuretic Resistance
26. · Loop Diuretics: Advanced Cellular Mechanism
27. · Dosing Strategies: DOSE Study and Clinical Guidelines
28. · Diuretic Resistance: Diuretic Brake and Distal Hypertrophy
29. · Sequential Nephron Blockade
30. · Diuretic Response Monitoring: Urinary Sodium
31. Intravenous Vasodilatory Therapy
32. · Hemodynamic Indications in the Emergency Department
33. · Comparative Pharmacological Profile of Emergency Vasodilators
34. Inotropes and Vasopressors
35. · Hemodynamic Indications of Inotropes
36. · Comparative Pharmacotherapy: Receptors, Doses and Profiles
37. · Vasopressors in Cardiovascular Emergency
38. Cardiogenic Shock and Mechanical Circulatory Support (MCS)
39. · SCAI Classification (Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions)
40. · Percutaneous Mechanical Circulatory Support (SCM)
41. Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1 (CRS-1)
42. · The Renal Congestion Hypothesis: The Key Hemodynamic Factor
43. · Biomarkers of Injury vs. Functional Biomarkers
44. · Decongestive Treatment and Kidney Preservation
45. Management of AHF in Populations and Special Situations
46. · AHF in Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction (ICpEF)
47. · Acute Fulminant Myocarditis
48. · Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM)
49. · Pure or Dominant Right Heart Failure
50. Transition to Maintenance Treatment and Discharge Criteria
51. · The Vulnerable Post-Discharge Phase
52. · The STRONG-HF Clinical Trial Revolution
53. · The Four Pillars of HF Treatment and Their Early Introduction
54. · Strict Safety Criteria for Hospital Discharge
55. Clinical Decision Algorithms and Emergency Protocols
56. · Initial Systematic Approach to Acute Dyspnea in the Emergency Room