Epilepsy and Seizures

Epilepsy and Seizures — Expert Level Reference

How it begins

De la hiperexcitabilidad neuronal a la decisión terapéutica: definiciones ILAE, fisiopatología de la sincronización, semiología de cada tipo de crisis, síndromes electroclínicos, electroencefalografía, farmacología de los antiepilépticos, manejo del estado epiléptico y correlación clínica de nivel experto.

What it covers

1. Operational definitions: seizures, epilepsy and related terms
2. · Provoked seizure (acute symptomatic) versus unprovoked
3. · The vocabulary of epileptology: semantic precision
4. · Acute symptomatic crisis: the temporal window with precision
5. · Resolution of epilepsy
6. Epidemiology, etiology and risk factors
7. · Etiological spectrum — ILAE classification in six categories
8. · Risk factors for recurrence after a first crisis
9. · Burden of disease and mortality
10. · Genetic bases: from single gene to complex inheritance
11. Pathophysiology: hyperexcitability, hypersynchrony and epileptogenesis
12. · The cellular level: sustained paroxysmal depolarization (PDS)
13. · The network level: synchronization and propagation
14. · Epileptogenesis and the kindling phenomenon
15. · Ion channels and channelopathies: the molecular basis of excitability
16. · Neurotransmission: the glutamate–GABA balance
17. · Astrocytes, blood-brain barrier and neuroinflammation
18. · Topographic concepts: the cortical areas of epilepsy
19. · The postictal period and the Todd phenomenon
20. ILAE 2017 Classification: the three-level framework
21. · Level 1 — classification of crisis type
22. · Complete catalog of crisis types (expanded version ILAE 2017)
23. · Level 2 — type of epilepsy
24. Focal onset seizure: semiology and topographic correlation
25. · The aura: the subjective focal seizure
26. · Focal seizure with preserved consciousness
27. · Focal seizure with altered consciousness
28. · Evolution to bilateral tonic-clonic
29. · Semiology by lobe of origin — a clinical atlas
30. Generalized onset crisis
31. · Generalized tonic-clonic seizure (CTCG)
32. · Absence crisis
33. · Myoclonic, tonic, atonic seizures and spasms
34. · Physiology of the tonic-clonic phase and its systemic complications
35. Epileptic syndromes: electroclinical entities
36. · Genetic generalized epilepsies (GGE)
37. · Focal epilepsies: temporal and extratemporal
38. · Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (EDE)
39. · Neonatal and infant epilepsies
40. · The GEFS+ spectrum and febrile epilepsies
41. · Self-limited childhood epilepsies
42. · Other entities of internal relevance
43. Diagnostic approach: anamnesis as the ultimate test
44. · The anamnesis structured in three stages
45. · Physical examination and initial systemic study
46. · When to suspect a specific cause — etiological flags
47. · The ECG: a mandatory test in every first crisis
48. Electroencephalography and neuroimaging
49. · The electroencephalogram (EEG)
50. · Neuroimage
51. Differential diagnosis of paroxysmal disorders
52. · Epileptic seizure versus convulsive syncope
53. · Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES)
54. · "Positive" versus "negative" symptoms: the conceptual axis of the differential
55. · Other imitators
56. Pharmacological treatment: anti-seizure drugs (FAC)
57. · Mechanisms of action — rational grouping
58. · Drug selection according to the type of epilepsy
59. · Toxicity and relevant idiosyncratic reactions
60. · Monographs of the main anti-seizure drugs
61. · Applied pharmacokinetic principles
62. · When to start treatment after a first crisis
63. · Withdrawal of treatment
64. Status epilepticus: the neurological emergency
65. · Physiopathological bases of stepwise treatment
66. · Stepwise management of convulsive status epilepticus
67. · Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) and refractory
68. · Classification of status epilepticus (ILAE 2015)
69. · Reference dose in adult convulsive status epilepticus
70. Drug-resistant epilepsy, surgery and neurostimulation
71. · Pre-surgical evaluation and options
72. · Why pharmacotherapy fails: resistance mechanisms
73. · Surgical prognosis and results
74. · Adjuvant non-pharmacological treatments
75. Special populations
76. · Woman of childbearing age and pregnancy
77. · The old man
78. · Crisis in the systemic context of the internist
79. Comorbidity, mortality, conduction and diagnostic integration
80. · Psychiatric and cognitive comorbidity
81. · SUDEP — sudden and unexpected death in epilepsy
82. · Somatic comorbidity and long-term effects
83. · Modifiable triggers
84. · Driving, lifestyle and advice
85. · Synthesis: the internist's reasoning in the face of a crisis