Anesthesiology and surgery

Contained open abdomen Surgical strategy that keeps the abdominal cavity temporarily open with a containment device.

Endovenous thermal ablation Minimally invasive technique that obliterates varicose veins using intraluminal thermal energy.

Axillary approach to the brachial plexus Brachial plexus blockade at the level of the armpit, useful for forearm and hand surgery.

Infraclavicular approach Brachial plexus blockade route below the clavicle.

Interscalene approach Brachial plexus blockade at the neck level, useful for shoulder surgery.

Supraclavicular approach Blocking route of the brachial plexus at the level of the supraclavicular fossa.

Epidural abscess Infectious complication of the epidural space associated with neuraxial techniques.

Postoperative intra-abdominal abscess Purulent collection located within the abdominal cavity after surgery.

Soda lime absorber Component of the anesthetic circuit that neutralizes expired carbon dioxide.

Internal jugular central venous access Central channeling route frequently used in anesthesia and critical care.

Acceleromyography Neuromuscular monitoring technique that measures the acceleration of the muscle response to the stimulus.

Tranexamic acid Antifibrinolytic used to reduce perioperative bleeding through plasmin inhibition.

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy Minimally invasive surgical removal of the adrenal gland.

Perioperative adrenaline Catecholamine used in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and as a vasoconstrictor adjuvant in local anesthesia.

Topical hemostatic agent Substance applied directly to the bleeding tissue to promote clot formation.

Veress Needle Instrument used for the initial blind puncture and creation of pneumoperitoneum.

Curved surgical needle Suturing instrument with variable curvature designed to facilitate passage through the tissue.

Circuit disconnection alarm Safety system that alerts against loss of continuity of the anesthetic respiratory circuit.

Perioperative human albumin Natural plasma-derived colloid used in select volume expansion.

Alfentanil Synthetic opioid with rapid onset and short duration.

Difficult airway algorithm Structured sequence of clinical decisions in the event of difficulty securing the airway.

Surgical pressure point padding Protective measures applied to bony prominences to prevent injuries due to prolonged positioning.

Postoperative pressure alopecia Focal hair loss secondary to ischemia due to prolonged compression of the scalp.

Abdominoperineal amputation Surgical resection of the rectum and anus with definitive colostomy.

Trauma amputation Surgical removal of a limb due to severe irreparable trauma.

Major vascular amputation Surgical removal of a limb due to irreversible critical ischemia.

Perioperative anaphylaxis Severe and immediate hypersensitivity reaction triggered by drugs or materials used in the anesthetic act.

Epidural patient-controlled analgesia Epidural infusion system that allows the patient to self-administer analgesic boluses.

Also: PCEA

Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia Infusion system that allows self-administration of opioid boluses within safety limits.

Also: PCA

Patient-controlled labor analgesia System that allows the parturient to self-administer epidural analgesic boluses under programmed limits.

Also: Obstetric PCEA

Obstetric epidural analgesia Continuous neuraxial blockade technique used to control pain during labor.

Perioperative multimodal analgesia Strategy that combines drugs with different mechanisms to reduce opioid consumption.

Combined spinal-epidural neuraxial analgesia Technique that combines initial subarachnoid injection with epidural catheter for prolonged obstetric analgesia.

Also: CSE

Root cause analysis of adverse event Structured methodology for investigating a serious surgical incident to identify systemic failures.

Pulse contour analysis Method for continuous estimation of cardiac output from the blood pressure wave.

Anesthetic gas analyzer Device that measures in real time the concentration of inspired and exhaled inhalation agents.

Colorectal circular mechanical anastomosis Intestinal union created using a circular stapler in rectal and colon surgery.

End-to-end anastomosis Surgical union of two intestinal ends of similar caliber.

Ambulatory anesthesia Anesthetic modality aimed at the patient's discharge on the same day of the surgical procedure.

Balanced anesthesia Technique that combines hypnotics, analgesics and muscle relaxants in reduced doses of each.

Pediatric caudal anesthesia Neuroaxial block technique through the sacral hiatus frequently used in infraumbilical pediatric surgery.

Combined general and regional anesthesia Strategy that associates general anesthesia with a regional technique to optimize analgesia and reduce systemic drug requirements.

Dissociative anesthesia Pharmacological state characterized by deep analgesia with dissociation between the limbic system and the sensory cortex.

Anesthesia in emergency surgery with a full stomach Anesthetic management that prioritizes protection of the airway against high aspiration risk.

Anesthesia in the cardiac patient for non-cardiac surgery Perioperative management aimed at minimizing the risk of major cardiovascular events.

Anesthesia in the patient with undiagnosed sleep apnea Cautious perioperative management in the event of clinical suspicion of unconfirmed sleep disordered breathing.

Anesthesia in the patient with obstructive pulmonary disease Anesthetic management adapted to the risk of bronchospasm and air trapping.

Anesthesia in the patient with liver disease Anesthetic management that considers altered drug metabolism and the risk of coagulopathy.

Anesthesia in patients with renal failure Anesthetic management that considers the alteration in drug elimination and hydroelectrolyte balance.

Anesthesia in the patient with myasthenia gravis Anesthetic management that considers altered sensitivity to neuromuscular blockers.

Anesthesia in the diabetic patient Perioperative management aimed at glycemic control and the evaluation of associated complications.

Anesthesia in the pregnant patient for non-obstetric surgery Anesthetic management that balances maternal safety with the protection of fetal well-being.

Anesthesia in the geriatric patient Anesthetic management adjusted to the altered pharmacokinetics and comorbidity typical of the elderly.

Anesthesia in the obese patient Anesthetic management adapted to the respiratory, pharmacokinetic and airway changes typical of obesity.

Anesthesia in the polytraumatized patient Emergency anesthetic management aimed at the simultaneous stabilization of multiple compromised systems.

Anesthesia in the burned patient Complex anesthetic management that considers volume loss, extreme pain and pharmacokinetic alterations.

Anesthesia in MRI Specific safety and monitoring considerations during anesthetic procedures in the magnetic imaging environment.

Upper thoracic epidural anesthesia Neuroaxial technique used as complementary analgesia in major thoracic and upper abdominal surgery.

Continuous spinal anesthesia Neuroaxial technique that maintains an intrathecal catheter for repeated dosing of local anesthetic.

Emergency obstetric general anesthesia Technique reserved for emergent cesarean section when neuraxial anesthesia is not feasible.

Opioid-free anesthesia Anesthetic technique that avoids the use of opioids through multimodal adjuvants.

Also: OFA

Tumescent local anesthesia Infiltration of large volumes of diluted local anesthetic used in dermatological surgery and liposuction.

Anesthesia for spine surgery Anesthetic management adapted to prone positioning and the risk of bleeding in major spinal surgery.

Anesthesia for valve surgery Specific anesthetic management according to the type of valve disease operated on.

Anesthesia for craniotomy Anesthetic technique adapted to the control of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion.

Anesthesia for endoscopic procedures Specific anesthetic management for diagnostic or therapeutic endoscopic digestive procedures.

Anesthesia for interventional radiology Anesthetic management adapted to image-guided procedures outside the conventional operating room.

Anesthesia for myocardial revascularization Anesthetic management aimed at preserving the balance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand.

Anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy Brief anesthetic management aimed at facilitating the psychiatric procedure and attenuating the autonomic response.

Anesthesia for liver transplant Specialized anesthetic management that considers coagulopathy, hemodynamics and graft reperfusion.

Anesthesia for mechanical brain thrombectomy Support anesthetic technique for the endovascular procedure of acute cerebral arterial recanalization.

Anesthesia for external cephalic version Support anesthetic technique for the manual fetal rotation procedure.

Selective low-dose spinal anesthesia Technique that seeks to minimize motor block by reducing the dose of intrathecal anesthetic.

Total spinal anesthesia Serious complication with complete blockage that affects respiratory muscles and brain stem.

Unilateral spinal anesthesia Spinal technique that seeks to limit sympathetic blockade to a single hemibody.

Intravenous regional anesthesia Technique that anesthetizes a limb through infusion of local anesthetic under ischemia with a tourniquet.

Topical airway anesthesia Application of local anesthetic on the laryngeal and tracheal mucosa to reduce reflexes during procedures.

Topical ocular anesthesia Application of local anesthetic drops on the corneal surface for brief ophthalmological procedures.

Total intravenous anesthesia Anesthetic technique based exclusively on intravenous drugs without inhalation agents.

Also: TIVA

Balloon angioplasty Endovascular technique that dilates an arterial stenosis by inflating a balloon.

Pediatric preoperative anxiety Emotional response of the child to the surgical procedure, influenced by age and previous experiences.

Preoperative anxiolysis Pharmacological or non-pharmacological reduction of anxiety prior to the surgical procedure.

Perioperative NMDA receptor antagonist Adjuvant pharmacological class that reduces central sensitization of postoperative pain.

Perioperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory Analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug used as an adjuvant to reduce opioid consumption.

Preoperative cutaneous antisepsis Application of germicidal solutions on the patient's skin prior to the incision.

Appendectomy Surgical removal of the inflamed cecal appendix.

Limited oral opening Preanesthetic examination finding that predicts difficult airway.

Perioperative obstructive sleep apnea Respiratory condition that increases the risk of airway complications and sedation.

Hydrocolloid dressing Advanced healing material that maintains a moist environment favorable for healing.

Perioperative arrhythmia Alteration in heart rhythm that occurs during or immediately after surgery.

Vertebral arthrodesis Surgical fusion of two or more vertebrae using instrumentation and bone graft.

Partial hip arthroplasty Surgical replacement of the femoral head preserving the native acetabular component.

Also: hemiarthroplasty

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty Partial surgical replacement of a single joint compartment of the knee.

Shoulder arthroscopy Minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedure of the intra-articular structures of the shoulder.

Knee arthroscopy Minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedure of the intra-articular structures of the knee.

Surgical asepsis Set of measures aimed at eliminating microorganisms from the operating field before surgery.

Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents Passage of gastric material into the lower airway during induction or anesthesia awakening.

Atelectasis due to anesthesia Alveolar collapse that typically occurs after the induction of general anesthesia.

Atracurio Benzylisoquinoline neuromuscular blocker metabolized by Hofmann elimination.

Anesthetic atropine Anticholinergic used together with anticholinesterases to counteract muscarinic effects.

Surgical morbidity and mortality audit Systematic review of cases with complications or deaths for continuous improvement of the service.

Brain self-regulation Physiological mechanism that maintains constant cerebral blood flow in the face of changes in blood pressure.

Pre-anesthetic fasting Intake restriction period prior to surgery to reduce the risk of aspiration.

Postoperative water balance Comparative record of fluid intake and output in the immediate postoperative period.

Sterile surgical gown Protective garment that is part of the asepsis barrier of the surgical team.

Perioperative beta blockade Pharmacological strategy aimed at reducing cardiovascular risk in high-risk non-cardiac surgery.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy Surgical procedure that identifies and removes the first lymphatic drainage node of a tumor.

Harmonic scalpel Surgical instrument that uses ultrasonic energy to simultaneously cut and coagulate tissue.

Argon electric scalpel Electrocoagulation device that uses ionized gas for hemostasis of large surfaces.

Cold scalpel Mechanical surgical cutting instrument without application of electrical or thermal energy.

Bronchial blocker Device that occludes a main bronchus to achieve lung isolation without a double lumen tube.

Combined spinal-general block Strategy that associates neuraxial anesthesia with general anesthesia for highly complex procedures.

Bier Block Intravenous regional anesthesia of the upper limb using a tourniquet and local anesthetic.

Adductor canal block Selective sensory block of the saphenous nerve at the level of the distal thigh.

Quadra lumborum block Interfascial infiltration technique for abdominal and hip analgesia.

Stellate ganglion block Interventional procedure used in the management of complex regional pain and vasomotor disorders.

Sciatic nerve block Regional anesthesia technique of the posterior lower limb using perineural infiltration.

Femoral nerve block Regional anesthesia technique of the anterior thigh using guided perineural infiltration.

Superior laryngeal nerve block Regional anesthesia technique aimed at reducing the cough reflex during airway instrumentation.

Obturator nerve block Regional anesthesia technique of the medial compartment of the thigh, relevant in endoscopic urological surgery.

Pudendal nerve block Regional anesthesia technique used in obstetric and perianal procedures.

Saphenous nerve block Isolated sensory block of the medial compartment of the leg.

Block of the erector spinae plane Deep interfascial infiltration used for thoracoabdominal analgesia.

Also: ESP block

Transversus abdominis plane block Interfascial infiltration that blocks nerves of the anterolateral abdominal wall.

Also: TAP block

Brachial plexus block Regional anesthesia technique that anesthetizes the upper limb through an approach to the brachial plexus.

Ankle lock Regional anesthesia technique that anesthetizes the five terminal nerves responsible for the sensitivity of the foot.

Neuroaxial differential block Phenomenon by which sympathetic fibers are blocked at a more cephalic level than sensory and motor fibers.

High spinal block Complication of spinal anesthesia with excessive cephalic extension of the sensory and motor block.

Intercostal block Infiltration of local anesthetic at the level of the intercostal space for segmental thoracic analgesia.

Neuroaxial block as an opioid-sparing strategy Use of regional techniques to reduce systemic exposure to opioids in the perioperative period.

Neurolytic blockade Procedure that selectively destroys nerve fibers for prolonged relief of chronic pain.

Residual neuromuscular block Incomplete recovery of neuromuscular function after the use of muscle relaxants.

Thoracic paravertebral block Infiltration of local anesthetic next to the thoracic intervertebral foramen for unilateral analgesia.

Pectoral lock Interfascial infiltration of the anterior chest wall for breast surgery.

Also: PECS block

Popliteal block Sciatic nerve block at the level of the popliteal fossa for distal leg and foot surgery.

Regional sympathetic blockade for complex pain Interventional technique used in the treatment of pain mediated by regional autonomic dysfunction.

Extracorporeal circulation pump Mechanical device that propels and oxygenates blood during cardiac surgery.

Intrathecal analgesic infusion pump Implantable device that delivers opioids or other drugs directly to the intrathecal space.

Preoperative surgical briefing Brief team meeting before starting the surgical list to anticipate risks and roles.

Perioperative bronchospasm Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle that produces reversible airflow obstruction.

Bupivacaine Long-lasting amide local anesthetic, with greater relative cardiotoxicity.

Femoropopliteal bypass Surgical diversion of arterial flow between the femoral and popliteal arteries with graft.

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass Bariatric procedure that combines gastric restriction with partial intestinal bypass.

Surgical sterile field Area delimited and protected from contamination during the operating procedure.

Operating field Delimited and prepared anatomical area where the surgical procedure takes place.

Functional capacity in METs Estimation of metabolic effort consumption used to assess preoperative cardiopulmonary reserve.

Capnogram on alveolar plateau Characteristic tracing that confirms the correct tracheal position of the endotracheal tube.

Volumetric capnometry Monitoring technique that relates carbon dioxide removal to tidal volume.

Cardioplegia Solution administered to stop cardiac electrical activity and protect the myocardium during surgery.

Preoperative carbohydrate loading Nutritional strategy that administers oral carbohydrates before surgery to attenuate insulin resistance.

Postoperative protein catabolism Accelerated degradation of muscle proteins secondary to the metabolic response to surgery.

Invasive arterial catheter Vascular access that allows continuous measurement of blood pressure and gas sampling.

Also: arterial line

Continuous infusion catheter in surgical wound Device that releases local anesthetic in a sustained manner at the surgical site.

Continuous perineural catheter Device that allows prolonged infusion of local anesthetic next to a peripheral nerve.

Peripherally inserted central venous catheter Central venous access introduced through a peripheral vein of the arm.

Also: PICC

Post dural puncture headache Postural headache secondary to cerebrospinal fluid leak after dural puncture.

Also: CPPD

Orthopedic prosthetic cementation Technique for fixing joint implants using polymethylmethacrylate.

Surgical bone wax Mechanical hemostatic substance applied to bleeding bone surfaces.

Caesarean section under neuraxial anesthesia Preferred anesthetic technique for elective cesarean section due to its maternal-fetal safety profile.

Transverse segmental cesarean section Standard surgical technique for fetal extraction through an incision in the lower uterine segment.

Recurrent keloid scarring Recurrence of excessive growth of scar tissue after previous surgical excision.

Abdominal vacuum-assisted closure Technique for temporary management of the open abdomen using controlled negative pressure.

Also: VAC

Delayed closure of a contaminated wound Strategy that delays the approximation of borders until the absence of active infection is confirmed.

Surgical plane closure Technique for closing the surgical wound that sequentially approximates each anatomical layer.

Closing due to secondary intention Spontaneous healing of a wound left open without surgical approximation of the edges.

Primary wound closure Direct approximation of the edges of the wound immediately after surgery.

Cierre primario diferido Delayed approximation of the edges of a wound after a period of observation due to contamination.

Cinemomyography Neuromuscular monitoring technique that measures the mechanical displacement of the muscle response.

Circular respiratory circuit Anesthetic gas conduction system with carbon dioxide absorption and partial rebreathing.

Extracorporeal circulation Technique that temporarily replaces heart and lung function through an external mechanical circuit.

Also: CEC

Surgical circumcision Surgical resection of the foreskin.

Surgical pediatric ritual circumcision Outpatient surgical procedure for resection of the foreskin in childhood.

Laparoscopic bariatric surgery Set of minimally invasive surgical techniques aimed at the treatment of obesity.

Damage control surgery Abbreviated surgical approach aimed at controlling bleeding and contamination before definitive reconstruction.

Immediate emergency surgery Surgical procedure that must be performed without delay due to imminent life-threatening risk.

Outpatient minimal access surgery Low complexity intervention modality performed without the need for hospital admission.

Mohs Surgery Micrographic surgical technique that removes skin tumors with progressive histological control of margins.

Prosthetic revision surgery Surgical reintervention aimed at correcting or replacing a previously placed implant.

Wrong site surgery Serious adverse event in which an anatomical location other than the planned one is intervened.

Deferred emergency surgery Surgical procedure that is performed after initial stabilization of the patient within a defined time window.

Scheduled elective surgery Preplanned surgical procedure in a clinically stable patient.

Endoscopic gastric submucosal surgery Advanced technique that dissects the submucosal plane for resection of digestive lesions.

Also: ESD

Transluminal endoscopic surgery through natural orifices Surgical technique that accesses the cavity through natural orifices without skin incision.

Also: NOTES

Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery Minimally invasive surgical technique performed using robotic arms teleoperated by the surgeon.

Single port laparoscopic surgery Minimally invasive variant that concentrates all instruments in a single access point.

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery Minimally invasive chest technique guided by an endoscopic camera.

Also: VATS

Cisatracurium Atracurium isomer with lower histamine release.

Radical cystoprostatectomy Joint surgical removal of the bladder and prostate due to infiltrating neoplasia.

Oncological surgical cytoreduction Procedure that seeks to eliminate as much macroscopic tumor tissue as possible.

ASA Classification System for stratification of the patient's physical status prior to anesthesia.

Also: American Society of Anesthesiologists

Mallampati Classification Intubation difficulty predictive scale based on oropharyngeal visualization.

Intramedullary nail Metal implant inserted into the spinal canal to stabilize long bone fractures.

Clevidipine Ultra-short-acting calcium channel blocker used in intraoperative blood pressure control.

Perioperative clonidine Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and hemodynamic stabilizer adjuvant.

Chloroprocaine Ester-type local anesthetic with very rapid onset and short duration.

Dilutional coagulopathy Coagulation alteration secondary to massive fluid replacement without blood products.

Coagulopathy due to acute trauma Coagulation disorder that develops early after severe trauma.

TOF quotient Relationship between the fourth and first muscle response in train-of-four stimulation.

Oil-gas partition coefficient Measurement related to the anesthetic potency of the inhalation agent.

Blood-gas partition coefficient Solubility measurement that determines speed of induction and inhalation recovery.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Therapeutic endoscopic procedure and diagnosis of the bile and pancreatic ducts.

Also: ERCP

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy Surgical removal of the gallbladder using a minimally invasive approach.

Right colectomy Surgical resection of the right colon with anastomosis of the remaining transit.

Left colectomy Surgical resection of the left colon with anastomosis of the remaining transit.

Microsurgical free flap Transplanted tissue with microsurgical vascular reconnection to a distant recipient site.

Local skin rotation flap Reconstructive technique that moves adjacent tissue to cover a surgical skin defect.

Myocutaneous flap Surgically transferred tissue that preserves its own vascular supply for reconstruction.

Atypical plasma cholinesterase Enzymatic variant that prolongs the blockade by succinylcholine or mivacurium.

Also: pseudocholinesterase deficiency

Stent placement Endovascular implantation of a metal structure that keeps the arterial lumen patent.

Also: stent

Synthetic colloid Solution with macromolecules that expands intravascular volume more effectively than crystalloids.

Colostomy Surgical diversion of the colon to the abdominal wall for external evacuation of feces.

Colporrhafia Surgical technique for repair of the vaginal wall in pelvic organ prolapse.

Post-surgical bile duct complication Injury, stenosis or leak of the bile duct after hepatobiliary surgical manipulation.

Structured communication in the operating room Standardized methodology for the exchange of critical information between members of the surgical team.

Minimum alveolar concentration Concentration of inhalational anesthetic that prevents movement when faced with surgical stimulation in 50% of patients.

Also: CAM

Prothrombin complex concentrate Blood derivative used to quickly reverse the effect of oral anticoagulants.

Also: CCP

Fibrinogen concentrate Purified blood product used to correct hypofibrinogenemia in massive hemorrhage.

RBC concentrate Blood component transfused to restore oxygen carrying capacity.

Platelet concentrate Blood derivative used to correct thrombocytopenia or perioperative platelet dysfunction.

Conization with diathermic handle Cervical resection technique using electrosurgery used in the diagnosis of premalignant lesions.

Also: LEEP

Consciousness with paralysis State in which the patient remains conscious but unable to move due to neuromuscular blockade.

Anesthetic informed consent Communication process through which the patient authorizes the anesthetic procedure after knowing the risks and alternatives.

Specific surgical informed consent Document and process that details risks, benefits and alternatives of a particular surgical procedure.

Robotic surgical console Control station from which the surgeon manipulates the robotic instruments.

Delayed bone consolidation Slower than expected bone callus formation after a fracture.

Preanesthetic consultation Clinical assessment prior to surgery aimed at identifying risks and optimizing patient conditions.

Preoperative peak oxygen consumption Quantitative parameter of aerobic capacity used in major surgical risk stratification.

Also: VO2 peak

Post-tetanic count Monitoring technique used during deep neuromuscular blockade without response to TOF.

Also: PTC

Conversion to open surgery Intraoperative change from a minimally invasive approach to a conventional technique due to technical difficulty or complication.

Correction of anorectal malformation Reconstructive surgical procedure of the anus and rectum in complex congenital anomalies.

Surgical correction of gastroschisis Procedure that reintroduces the herniated viscera through the congenital defect of the abdominal wall.

Surgical correction of omphalocele Procedure that repairs the congenital defect of the abdominal wall with intact peritoneal coverage.

Craniotomy with awake patient Neurosurgical technique that combines anesthesia and periods of wakefulness for functional brain mapping.

Eutectic topical anesthetic cream Combined local anesthetic preparation used for superficial anesthesia of intact skin.

Also: EMLA

Cryoprecipitate Blood derivative rich in fibrinogen and factor VIII used in the management of hemorrhagic coagulopathy.

Balanced crystalloid Water replacement solution with electrolyte composition similar to plasma.

Discharge criteria after outpatient anesthesia Set of clinical parameters that determine fitness for home discharge.

Count of gauze and surgical instruments Systematic verification procedure that prevents the retention of foreign bodies after surgery.

Surgical retained foreign body Object inadvertently left inside the operating cavity after closure of the wound.

STOP-BANG Quiz Clinical screening instrument for obstructive sleep apnea in the preoperative period.

Surgical safety culture Set of institutional values ​​and practices aimed at minimizing error in the surgical process.

Surgical learning curve Progressive process of improvement in the technical performance of a procedure with accumulated experience.

Mortality curve adjusted to surgical risk Quality indicator that compares observed mortality with that expected according to preoperative risk.

Dantrolene Muscle relaxant used as a specific antidote to malignant hyperthermia.

Postoperative surgical debriefing Brief team meeting after completing the procedure to review incidents and opportunities for improvement.

Anastomosis dehiscence Failure to heal an intestinal surgical junction with leakage of luminal contents.

Surgical wound dehiscence Separation of the edges of a previously closed incision.

Postoperative delirium Acute and fluctuating alteration of attention and cognition after surgery and anesthesia.

Respiratory depression due to opioids Reduction in respiratory rate or depth secondary to the effect of opioids.

Ileal conduit type urinary diversion Urinary tract reconstruction technique using an isolated intestinal segment.

Surgical dermabrasion Technique that mechanically removes superficial layers of the skin for aesthetic or reconstructive purposes.

Surgical debridement of chronic wound Mechanical removal of necrotic or devitalized tissue from a wound that is difficult to heal.

Orthopedic surgical debridement Removal of devitalized or contaminated tissue from an open wound or fracture.

Surgical spinal decompression Procedure that frees the compressed spinal cord or nerve roots through bone or disc resection.

Desflurane Halogenated with low solubility and rapid elimination, irritant for respiratory induction.

Pediatric agitated awakening State of transient psychomotor agitation after general anesthesia in children.

Also: emergence delirium

Intraoperative awakening Explicit memory of events during general anesthesia due to insufficient anesthetic depth.

Also: awareness

Left uterine displacement Positioning maneuver that prevents aortocaval compression in the pregnant woman.

Dexamethasone anesthetic adjuvant Corticoid used as an antiemetic and analgesic enhancer in the perioperative period.

Dexmedetomidine Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used in sedation with preservation of arousal.

Anesthetic diazepam Long half-life benzodiazepine used in prolonged sedation.

Serial percutaneous tracheal dilation Technique of progressive enlargement of the tracheal stoma using dilators of increasing caliber.

Lumbar discectomy Partial or total surgical removal of a herniated intervertebral disc.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction Persistent cognitive impairment after the anesthetic-surgical procedure, more common in older adults.

Also: DCPO

Biventricular assist device Mechanical system that simultaneously replaces the function of both cardiac ventricles.

Short-term mechanical circulatory assistance device Temporary pump used to sustain circulation in perioperative acute cardiogenic shock.

Thyromental distance Anatomical measurement used to predict intubation difficulty.

Dynamic lung compliance Measurement of the relationship between the change in volume and pressure during the respiratory cycle.

Perioperative behavioral distraction Non-pharmacological strategy to reduce the child's anxiety during anesthesia induction.

Double surgical glove Additional protection practice by overlapping two pairs of gloves.

Double burst Neuromuscular stimulation pattern used to detect mild residual block by palpation.

Also: DBS

Dobutamine Beta-adrenergic inotropic agent used to improve cardiac contractility in low output.

Chronic post-surgical pain Persistence of pain beyond the expected healing period after surgery.

Perioperative neuropathic pain Pain ​​caused by injury or dysfunction of the somatosensory nervous system in the surgical context.

Donor in controlled asystole Organ donor after scheduled circulatory cessation under defined ethical criteria.

Donor in brain death Person who died due to neurological criteria whose organs are suitable for donation.

Anesthetic dosage per body surface Pediatric pharmacological dose adjustment based on body area instead of weight alone.

Image-guided percutaneous drainage Catheter placement for evacuation of intra-abdominal collections under ultrasound or tomographic guidance.

Jackson-Pratt type surgical drainage Closed drainage system with gentle suction used in the postoperative period.

Penrose type surgical drainage Soft latex tube used to passively evacuate fluids from a surgical cavity.

Surgical chest drainage Tube placed in the pleural space to evacuate air, blood or liquid after thoracic surgery.

Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography Invasive imaging technique used for real-time cardiac monitoring during surgery.

Also: ETE

Ultrasound for nerve block Real-time visual guidance technique that improves the accuracy of regional locks.

Post-extubation laryngeal edema Inflammation of the laryngeal mucosa after removal of the endotracheal tube.

Edrophonio Ultra-short-acting anticholinesterase used in diagnostic tests for myasthenia.

Ephedrine Mixed action vasopressor classically used to treat hypotension during obstetric anesthesia.

Operating room utilization efficiency Management indicator that measures the use of the time available in the surgical room.

Bipolar electrocoagulation Hemostasis technique that concentrates the current between the two branches of the instrument without a return plate.

Monopolar electrocoagulation Hemostasis technique that directs the electrical current through the tissue towards a return plate.

Intraoperative electromyography Recording of muscle electrical activity used to identify and protect nervous structures during surgery.

Ramp elevation in obesity Elevated head positioning used in obese patients to optimize laryngoscopy.

Also: ramped position

Hofmann elimination Spontaneous organ-independent chemical degradation pathway, typical of atracurium.

Amniotic fluid embolism Serious obstetric complication due to the passage of amniotic contents into the maternal circulation.

Perioperative fat embolism Complication due to the release of fat globules into the circulation after fractures or orthopedic surgery.

Perioperative pulmonary embolism Acute pulmonary vascular obstruction due to thrombus dislodged after surgery.

Intravenous lipid emulsion Rescue treatment for severe systemic toxicity due to local anesthetics.

Carotid endarterectomy Surgical removal of atheromatous plaque from the carotid artery.

Surgical subcutaneous emphysema Presence of gas in the subcutaneous cellular tissue secondary to leak during pneumoperitoneum.

Enflurane Disused halogenated anesthetic due to epileptogenic potential.

Anesthetic entropy Anesthetic depth monitoring method based on EEG spectral analysis.

ARISCAT scale Postoperative pulmonary complications prediction tool.

Apfel scale Clinical instrument for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting.

Bromage Scale Clinical instrument to evaluate the degree of motor block after neuraxial anesthesia.

Caprini Scale Perioperative thrombotic risk stratification instrument.

Perioperative Glasgow Coma Scale Clinical neurological assessment instrument applied in the pre-anesthetic evaluation of patients with head trauma.

Critical patient comfort scale Clinical instrument used to assess the well-being of the sedated patient in the intensive care unit.

Cormack-Lehane scale Classification of glottic vision obtained during direct laryngoscopy.

Pediatric postoperative pain scale Specific clinical instrument to assess pain in children after surgery.

Perioperative clinical frailty scale Geriatric assessment instrument used to predict surgical risk in older adults.

Also: Clinical Frailty Scale

Lee Scale Clinical perioperative cardiovascular risk index based on independent predictive factors.

Postoperative functional recovery scale Clinical instrument used to evaluate the return to baseline activity after surgery.

Aldrete Postanesthetic Recovery Scale Clinical instrument used to assess the discharge capacity of the recovery unit.

Richmond agitation-sedation scale Validated clinical instrument to evaluate the level of sedation or agitation.

Also: RASS

Ramsay Sedation Scale Clinical instrument to graduate the patient's sedation level.

Verbal numerical pain scale Pain ​​self-assessment instrument using a numerical score from zero to ten.

OAA/S scale Scale for evaluating the state of alertness and sedation observed.

Visual analog pain scale Instrument for self-assessment of pain intensity using a continuous line.

Also: EVA

WHO analgesic ladder Stepped model of pain treatment according to its intensity.

Post-anesthetic chills Involuntary muscle tremor during anesthetic recovery associated with hypothermia or pharmacological effect.

Also: shivering

Excision with oncological margins Surgical resection of a tumor including a margin of surrounding healthy tissue.

Esmolol Ultra-short-acting beta blocker used to control heart rate during intense surgical stimuli.

Esophagogastrectomy Combined resection of esophageal and gastric segments with reconstruction of the digestive transit.

Epidural space Virtual space between the yellow ligament and the dura mater where the epidural anesthetic is deposited.

Brain near-infrared spectroscopy Non-invasive technique for monitoring regional cerebral tissue oxygenation.

Also: NIRS

Conservative partial splenectomy Limited surgical resection of the spleen that partially preserves its immunological function.

Venous sclerosing foam Pharmacological preparation used in sclerotherapy for the obliteration of varicose veins.

Median sternotomy Surgical approach that longitudinally divides the sternum to access the mediastinum.

Spinal cord stimulation Implantable interventional technique for the management of refractory chronic pain.

Tetanic stimulation Neuromuscular monitoring technique using sustained high-frequency discharge.

Full stomach Clinical condition in which residual gastric contents with high aspiration risk are assumed.

Etomidate Intravenous hypnotic with hemodynamic stability, associated with transient adrenal suppression.

Surgical Sentinel Event Serious and unexpected adverse event related to surgical care that requires institutional investigation.

Postoperative evisceration Exit of abdominal contents through a complete dehiscence of the surgical wall.

Excision of skin lesion with simple closure Surgical removal of a dermal lesion followed by direct approximation of the edges.

Surgical tissue expander Implanted device that progressively distends the skin to generate additional tissue.

Surgical extraction of third molar Surgical procedure for extraction of a retained or impacted tooth.

Extubation upon awakening Removal of the endotracheal tube when the patient recovers protective airway reflexes.

Extubation in deep plane Removal of the endotracheal tube with the patient still under deep general anesthesia.

Phacoemulsification Surgical technique that fragments and aspirates the opacified lens using ultrasonic energy.

Skin graft failure Partial or total loss of viability of a transplanted skin graft.

Postoperative multi-organ failure Sequential dysfunction of several organ systems after a serious surgical complication.

Palate reduction pharyngoplasty Surgical procedure that remodels pharyngeal tissues to improve the permeability of the upper airway.

Intraoperative hemodynamic rescue drug Fast-acting medication used to correct acute alterations in blood pressure during surgery.

Muscle fasciculation Fine muscle contraction associated with the use of depolarizing blockers.

Decompressive fasciotomy Surgical incision of the muscular fascia to treat acute compartment syndrome.

Cicatricial remodeling phase Final stage of tissue repair with collagen reorganization and scar maturation.

Inflammatory phase of healing First stage of the tissue repair process characterized by hemostasis and leukocyte migration.

Proliferative phase of healing Stage of tissue repair with formation of granulation tissue and neoangiogenesis.

Fatigue of the surgical team State of physical or cognitive exhaustion of personnel that can increase the risk of error.

Anesthetic phenylephrine Pure alpha-agonist vasopressor used to correct hypotension induced by neuraxial sympathetic blockade.

Fentanyl Potent synthetic opioid used in intraoperative analgesia and balanced anesthesia.

Postoperative atrial fibrillation Frequent arrhythmia after cardiac surgery associated with greater postoperative morbidity.

Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy Flexible endoscope used for guided intubation in anticipated difficult airway.

Orthopedic external fixation Stabilization of a fracture using percutaneous pins connected to an external structure.

Intermaxillary fixation Technique that temporarily immobilizes the mandible and maxilla using wires or elastic devices.

Arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis Surgical communication between an artery and a vein created for dialysis vascular access.

Enterocutaneous fistula Abnormal communication between the intestinal lumen and the skin after surgery or an inflammatory process.

Postoperative pancreatic fistula Anomalous communication of pancreatic secretion towards the cavity or outside after pancreatic surgery.

Intraoperative goal-guided fluid therapy Water replacement strategy directed by dynamic hemodynamic parameters.

Also: GDFT

Open fracture Gustilo-Anderson classification Severity classification system for exposed fractures according to contamination and soft tissue damage.

Perioperative fragility State of physiological vulnerability that increases the risk of complications after surgery in the elderly.

Central source of medicinal gases Hospital supply system for oxygen, compressed air and nitrous oxide to operating rooms.

Anastomotic leak Extravasation of luminal contents through an insufficiently sealed surgical anastomosis.

Perioperative Gabapentinoids Adjuvant drugs used to reduce neuropathic pain and opioid consumption.

Intraoperative arterial blood gases Analysis of arterial sample that evaluates oxygenation, ventilation and acid-base balance during surgery.

Subtotal gastrectomy Partial resection of the stomach preserving a proximal or distal portion.

Total gastrectomy Complete removal of the stomach with reconstruction of the digestive transit.

Glycopyrrolate Quaternary anticholinergic used as a perioperative antisialogogue and antivagal.

Surgical circular stapler Mechanical device used to create circular anastomoses, common in digestive surgery.

Linear surgical stapler Mechanical device that applies rows of staples for section and simultaneous closure of tissue.

Sterile surgical glove Barrier protection element that preserves the sterility of the surgeon's hands.

Bougie intubation guide Semi-rigid stylet used to facilitate the placement of the endotracheal tube in a difficult airway.

Halothane Disused halogenated inhalation anesthetic due to rare but serious hepatotoxicity.

Also: fluothane

Spinal epidural hematoma Hemorrhagic complication of the epidural space that can cause spinal cord compression.

Postoperative hematoma Accumulation of blood in the surgical bed after surgery.

Acute normovolemic hemodilution Blood-saving technique that extracts autologous blood before surgical loss and replaces it with crystalloids.

Late postoperative hemorrhage Significant bleeding that appears days after the initial surgical procedure.

Early postoperative hemorrhage Significant bleeding detected in the first hours after surgery.

Surgical local hemostasis Set of physical, mechanical or chemical maneuvers aimed at stopping bleeding during surgery.

Partial hepatectomy Surgical resection of a segment of the liver, usually due to primary or metastatic neoplasia.

Hernioplasty with mesh Hernia repair technique that reinforces the defect using prosthetic material.

Inguinal herniorrhaphy Surgical repair of the abdominal wall defect in the inguinal region.

Hydroxyethylstarch Synthetic colloid associated with the risk of nephrotoxicity and coagulopathy at high doses.

Opioid-induced hyperalgesia Paradoxical increase in pain sensitivity associated with prolonged or high-dose use of opioids.

Surgical stress hyperglycemia Elevation of blood glucose associated with the hormonal response to surgical aggression, independent of previous diabetes.

Non-malignant perioperative hyperthermia Elevation of body temperature in the perioperative period due to a cause other than malignant hyperthermia.

Brain therapeutic hyperventilation Transitional ventilatory strategy used to acutely reduce intracranial pressure.

Perioperative hypofibrinogenemia Decrease in fibrinogen concentration that compromises clot formation during surgery.

Controlled intraoperative hypotension Anesthetic technique that deliberately reduces blood pressure to reduce surgical bleeding.

Maternal supine hypotension Decrease in maternal blood pressure due to aortocaval compression in supine position during pregnancy.

Hypotension due to sympathetic blockade Decrease in blood pressure secondary to vasodilation after neuraxial anesthesia.

Involuntary perioperative hypothermia Unintentional decrease in body temperature during the anesthetic-surgical act.

Hypothermia and perioperative coagulation Physiopathological relationship between the drop in temperature and the deterioration of platelet and coagulation enzymatic function.

Early postoperative hypoxemia Decrease in arterial oxygen saturation in the immediate phase of anesthetic recovery.

Total abdominal hysterectomy Complete surgical removal of the uterus via the abdomen.

Laparoscopic hysterectomy Surgical removal of the uterus using a minimally invasive approach.

Wertheim-Meigs radical hysterectomy Oncological surgical removal of the uterus along with parametria and upper vaginal cuff.

Post-surgical inflammatory ileus Decrease in intestinal motility mediated by inflammatory mediators released during surgical manipulation.

Postoperative ileus Transient decrease in intestinal motility after abdominal surgical manipulation.

Prolonged postoperative ileus Persistence of intestinal motor dysfunction beyond the expected period after surgery.

Ileostomy Surgical diversion of the ileum to the abdominal wall for external evacuation of intestinal contents.

Intraocular lens implantation Surgical placement of an artificial lens after extraction of the crystalline lens.

Percutaneous aortic valve implantation Minimally invasive technique for endovascular aortic valve replacement.

Also: TAVI

McBurney incision Oblique surgical approach in the right iliac fossa classically used in open appendectomy.

Pfannenstiel incision Transverse suprapubic surgical approach used in gynecological and obstetric surgery.

Subcostal incision Surgical approach parallel to the costal margin used in open biliary and hepatic surgery.

Bispectral index Parameter derived from the electroencephalogram that estimates hypnotic depth.

Also: BIS

Body mass index adjusted to anesthetic dose Pharmacological calculation method that corrects the dose according to the ideal or adjusted body weight.

Revised cardiac risk index Prediction tool for perioperative major cardiac events in non-cardiac surgery.

Also: RCRI

Pediatric inhalation induction Anesthetic induction technique using volatile agents in children without prior venous access.

Organ-space surgical site infection Infection affecting deep structures manipulated during surgery beyond the wall.

Deep surgical site infection Infection that involves the fascia or muscle of the surgical wound.

Superficial surgical site infection Infection limited to the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the surgical wound.

Surgical site infection Infectious complication that affects the incision or tissues manipulated during surgery.

Also: ISQ

Infiltration of surgical wound with local anesthetic Analgesic technique that deposits local anesthetic directly on the edges of the incision.

Target Controlled Infusion Infusion system that adjusts the dose according to plasma concentration or desired effect.

Also: TCI

Perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion Systemic analgesic strategy that reduces pain and promotes intestinal recovery after abdominal surgery.

Perioperative magnesium sulfate infusion Analgesic adjuvant that modulates NMDA receptors and reduces opioid consumption.

Partial thickness skin graft Skin transplant that includes epidermis and part of the dermis to cover defects.

Full thickness skin graft Skin transplant that includes epidermis and complete dermis, with better aesthetic results.

Artificial dermal graft Biosynthetic skin substitute used in the temporary coverage of extensive wounds.

Autologous bone graft Transplantation of the patient's own bone used to promote the consolidation of fractures or bone defects.

Prosthetic vascular graft Synthetic material used to replace or bypass a diseased arterial segment.

Induction immunosuppression Intensive pharmacological therapy administered perioperatively after transplantation to prevent rejection.

Transient perioperative immunosuppression Temporary decrease in immunological competence associated with surgical trauma and anesthesia.

Carbon dioxide insufflator Device that regulates gas pressure and flow during laparoscopic surgery.

Synergistic pharmacodynamic interaction Mutual potentiation between two anesthetic drugs that exceeds the sum of their individual effects.

Isoflurane Halogenated inhalation agent with low blood solubility used in anesthetic maintenance.

Warm organ ischemia Period of interruption of blood flow to the organ at body temperature during extraction or implantation.

Cold organ ischemia Period of conservation of the graft at low temperature from its extraction to the implant.

Perioperative myocardial ischemia Imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand during the surgical period.

Ketamine Dissociative anesthetic with analgesic, hypnotic and bronchodilator effects.

Ketamine in perioperative subanesthetic dose Analgesic use of ketamine at low doses as a multimodal adjuvant without full dissociative effect.

Perioperative ketorolac Parenteral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug frequently used in short-term postoperative analgesia.

Perioperative labetalol Combined alpha and beta blocker used in the acute control of intraoperative blood pressure.

Cervical laminoplasty Surgical technique that expands the cervical spinal canal while preserving the vertebral lamina.

Medium laparotomy Vertical surgical approach to the abdominal midline used in major emergency surgery.

Laryngospasm Reflex and involuntary closure of the vocal cords that obstructs the airway.

Perianesthetic laryngomalacia Congenital condition of the upper airway that increases the risk of obstruction during anesthesia.

Surgical peritoneal lavage Irrigation of the abdominal cavity during surgery to reduce the bacterial or contaminant load.

Surgical hand washing Mechanical and chemical hygiene procedure prior to entering the sterile field.

Instrumental uterine curettage Procedure that extracts the contents of the uterine cavity using mechanical instrumentation.

Perianesthetic dental injury Dental damage caused during laryngoscopy or intubation maneuvers.

Myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery Elevation of cardiac biomarkers after non-cardiac surgery associated with poor prognosis.

Also: MINS

Perioperative peripheral nerve injury Focal neurological damage attributed to positioning, compression or regional technique during surgery.

Perioperative eye injury Corneal, ischemic or compressive damage to the eyeball associated with prolonged surgical positioning.

Acute lung injury associated with transfusion Severe respiratory complication secondary to the transfusion of blood products.

Also: TRALI

Vascular injury due to trocar Mechanical complication of laparoscopic access with damage to underlying vascular structures.

Levobupivacaine Levorotatory isomer of bupivacaine with improved cardiovascular safety profile.

Lidocaine Amide-type local anesthetic with rapid onset of action and intermediate duration.

Ligasure Bipolar energy vascular sealing device used for hemostasis of medium caliber vessels.

Axillary lymphadenectomy Surgical removal of the lymph nodes in the armpit for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Prioritized surgical waiting list Ordering system for patients pending surgery according to clinical urgency criteria.

Surgical checklist Structured instrument that standardizes safety steps before, during and after surgery.

Also: surgical checklist

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy Non-invasive technique that fragments urinary stones using external energy waves.

Also: LEOCH

Pulmonary lobectomy Surgical resection of a complete lung lobe, usually due to neoplasia.

Prosthetic surgical mesh Synthetic or biological material used to reinforce wall defects in hernioplasties.

Management of perioperative intracranial pressure Set of anesthetic strategies aimed at avoiding intracranial hypertension during neurosurgery.

Laparoscopic gastric sleeve Bariatric procedure that reduces gastric volume through longitudinal resection.

Also: gastric sleeve

Alveolar recruitment maneuver Ventilatory technique that applies transient high pressure to reopen collapsed alveoli.

Sellick maneuver Pressure on the cricoid cartilage to reduce the risk of regurgitation during induction.

Also: cricoid pressure

Neuroanesthetic mannitol Osmotic diuretic used to reduce brain volume and intracranial pressure.

Forced air blanket Active skin warming device used to prevent perioperative hypothermia.

Anesthesia machine Integrated equipment that supplies anesthetic gases, oxygen and ventilatory support to the patient.

Preoperative hallway walk Simple functional test used to estimate exercise capacity before major surgery.

Laryngeal mask Supraglottic device that seals the hypopharynx without requiring passage through the vocal cords.

Also: LMA

Second generation laryngeal mask Supraglottic device with integrated esophageal drainage channel to reduce the risk of aspiration.

Modified radical mastectomy Surgical removal of the mammary gland with preservation of the pectoral muscles.

Mastoidectomy Surgical removal of mastoid cells affected by chronic ear infection.

Extracellular tissue repair matrix Biological support tissue that promotes regeneration during the healing of complex wounds.

Meperidine Synthetic opioid with antishivering effect, use limited by neurotoxic normeperidine.

Also: pethidine

Mepivacaine Amide local anesthetic of intermediate duration used in peripheral blocks.

Metabolism by plasma esterases Rapid elimination route independent of liver or kidney function, typical of remifentanil.

Methaemoglobinemia due to local anesthetic Complication associated with the use of prilocaine or benzocaine in high doses.

Confusion assessment method in the intensive care unit Standardized tool for the diagnosis of delirium in critically ill patients.

Also: CAM-ICU

Midazolam Short-acting benzodiazepine used in sedation and anesthetic premedication.

Milrinone Phosphodiesterase III inhibitor with inotropic and vasodilator effect used in ventricular dysfunction.

Anesthetic myoglobinuria Presence of myoglobin in urine secondary to rhabdomyolysis due to malignant hyperthermia or other causes.

Laparoscopic myomectomy Minimally invasive surgical removal of uterine fibroids with preservation of the uterus.

Mivacurio Short-acting benzylisoquinoline neuromuscular blocker hydrolyzed by plasma cholinesterase.

Marsh pharmacokinetic model Compartmental model used in target-controlled propofol infusion.

Minto pharmacokinetic model Compartmental model used for target-controlled infusion of remifentanil.

Schnider pharmacokinetic model Compartmental model adjusted for age and body composition for propofol TCI.

Quantitative neuromuscular function monitor Device that objectively measures the degree of neuromuscular blockade using acceleromyography or electromyography.

EEG-based anesthetic depth monitor Device that processes electroencephalographic signal to estimate the level of hypnosis.

Non-invasive cardiac output monitoring Techniques that estimate cardiac output without the need for larger intravascular catheters.

Core temperature monitoring Continuous monitoring of deep body temperature during anesthetic procedures.

Intracranial pressure monitoring Continuous invasive monitoring of pressure within the cranial vault in neurosurgery.

Also: PIC

Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring Continuous monitoring of nervous function using evoked potentials during high neurological risk surgery.

Also: MNIO

Intravenous morphine Natural opioid used in long-term postoperative analgesia.

Naloxone Pure opioid antagonist used to reverse opioid-induced respiratory depression.

Perioperative naltrexone Long-acting opioid antagonist relevant in perioperative management of patients undergoing treatment.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting Frequent complication after general anesthesia with multiple identified risk factors.

Also: NVPO

Lidocaine nebulization Topical anesthesia technique of the airway by aerosolization of the local anesthetic.

Surgical flap necrosis Loss of tissue viability of a flap due to insufficient vascular supply.

Partial nephrectomy Surgical resection limited to the affected renal portion, preserving healthy parenchyma.

Radical nephrectomy Complete surgical removal of the kidney, usually due to neoplasia.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy Minimally invasive procedure for removing kidney stones through a percutaneous route.

Neostigmine Anticolinesterase used to reverse non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockade.

Extrapleural pneumonectomy Complete lung resection along with adjacent pleura, pericardium and diaphragm in advanced neoplasms.

Postoperative pneumonia Lung infection acquired in the postoperative period, favored by hypoventilation and sedation.

Surgical pneumoperitoneum Gas insufflation into the abdominal cavity to create work space in laparoscopy.

Peripheral neurostimulation Nerve localization technique using electrical stimulation and motor response.

Perioperative ulnar neuropathy Ulnar nerve injury associated with poor positioning of the upper limb during surgery.

Intraoperative nitroglycerin Venous vasodilator used in myocardial ischemia and blood pressure control during surgery.

Sodium nitroprusside Ultra-short-acting arterial and venous vasodilator used in the acute control of intraoperative hypertension.

Dermatomic sensory level Upper limit of anesthesia recorded by cold or prick test after neuraxial block.

Perioperative norepinephrine First-line vasopressor used to treat hypotension due to vasodilation during anesthesia.

Extracorporeal surgical knot Knotting technique performed outside the cavity and slid inside using a knot pusher.

Intracorporeal surgical knot Knotting technique performed inside the cavity during laparoscopic surgery.

Early postoperative enteral nutrition Strategy for early resumption of intestinal feeding after surgery to promote recovery.

Postoperative intestinal obstruction due to flanges Late complication due to fibrous adhesions that obstruct the intestinal lumen.

Laparoscopic optics Optical instrument that transmits the image of the surgical field to the video tower.

Optimization of preoperative anemia Hemoglobin correction strategy before major elective surgery to reduce the need for transfusion.

Preoperative hemodynamic optimization Set of measures aimed at stabilizing circulatory parameters before high-risk surgery.

Pre-enable optimization Physical, nutritional and psychological preparation program prior to major surgery.

Also: prehabilitation

Orchiopexy Surgical fixation of the undescended testicle within the scrotum.

Orchiectomy Surgical removal of one or both testicles.

Maxillomandibular osteotomy Controlled surgical section of the maxillary or mandibular bone for correction of facial skeletal deformities.

Nitrous oxide Low potency anesthetic gas used as an inhalation adjuvant.

Also: laughing gas · N2O

Apneic oxygenation Passive oxygen supply technique during the apnea period in intubation.

Pancreatoduodenectomy En bloc surgical resection of the pancreatic head, duodenum and adjacent structures.

Also: Whipple procedure

Pancuronium Long-lasting non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker with vagolytic effect.

Perioperative intravenous paracetamol Non-opioid analgesic for intravenous use incorporated as the basis of multimodal analgesia.

Parathyroidectomy Surgical removal of one or more hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands.

Epidural blood patch Therapeutic procedure that injects autologous blood into the epidural space to treat post-puncture headache.

Also: blood patch

Intraoperative cardiac arrest Sudden cessation of effective cardiac function during the anesthetic-surgical act.

Safety surgical pause Structured equipment verification just before starting the incision to confirm patient and procedure data.

Also: time out

Maximum allowable blood loss Estimated amount of blood that can be lost before requiring transfusion in a pediatric patient.

Perioperative visual loss Rare and serious complication associated with prolonged surgery in the prone position or sustained hypotension.

Also: POVL

Pyloromyotomy Surgical procedure that cuts the hypertrophic muscular layer of the pylorus in infantile pyloric stenosis.

Surgical pyloroplasty Procedure that widens the pyloric channel to facilitate gastric emptying.

Dissecting forceps with teeth Surgical instrument used to hold firm tissue during dissection.

Dissecting forceps without teeth Surgical instrument used to manipulate delicate tissues without injuring them.

Hemostatic forceps Surgical instrument used to temporarily occlude bleeding vessels.

Aortic impingement Surgical maneuver that interrupts aortic blood flow during extracorporeal circulation.

Osteosynthesis plate Metal implant screwed onto the bone surface to stabilize a fracture.

Individualized anesthetic plan Anesthetic management strategy designed according to the specific clinical characteristics of each patient.

Fresh frozen plasma Hemoderivative that provides coagulation factors in the replacement of dilutional coagulopathy.

Also: PFC

Partial pleurectomy Surgical resection of a segment of the parietal pleura, common in the management of recurrent pneumothorax.

Surgical pleurodesis Procedure that induces fusion of the pleurae to prevent recurrence of effusion or pneumothorax.

Needle holder Surgical instrument designed to hold the needle during tissue suturing.

Sniffing position Classic cervical alignment that facilitates direct laryngoscopic visualization.

Also: sniffing position

Sitting position in neurosurgery Surgical positioning that facilitates the approach to the posterior fossa with increased risk of air embolism.

Surgical lateral decubitus positioning Side positioning of the patient used in thoracic, kidney and hip surgery.

Surgical positioning in prone position Prone positioning of the patient used in spinal surgery and some thoracic approaches.

Surgical positioning in lithotomy Patient positioning with flexed hips and elevated legs used in pelvic and gynecological surgery.

Surgical positioning in Trendelenburg Inclination with the head lower than the feet used to improve pelvic or abdominal exposure.

Surgical positioning in reverse Trendelenburg Inclination with the head higher than the feet used in laparoscopic upper abdominal surgery.

Medium latency auditory evoked potentials Anesthetic depth monitoring method based on auditory cortical response.

Intraoperative motor evoked potentials Technique for monitoring the integrity of the corticospinal motor pathways during high-risk surgery.

Also: PEM

Intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials Technique for monitoring the integrity of the sensory pathways during spinal surgery.

Also: PESS

Preeclampsia and anesthetic management Specific considerations of the anesthetic technique in pregnant women with pregnancy-induced hypertension.

Anesthetic premedication Administration of drugs prior to induction for anxiolysis, analgesia or prophylaxis.

Pediatric oral premedication Administration of oral anxiolytics before admission to the operating room in children.

Preoxygenation Administration of 100% oxygen prior to induction to prolong the time of safe apnea.

Organ preservation with preservation solution Use of specific solutions to prolong the viability of the graft during transport.

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure Invasive hemodynamic measurement that indirectly estimates left atrial pressure.

Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure Indirect estimation of left atrial pressure using a pulmonary artery catheter.

Cerebral perfusion pressure Difference between mean arterial pressure and intracranial pressure that determines cerebral blood flow.

Also: PPC

Perioperative intra-abdominal pressure Measurement of pressure within the abdominal cavity relevant in laparoscopic surgery and trauma.

Plateau airway pressure Ventilatory parameter that reflects the alveolar pressure at the end of inspiration without flow.

Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis Antibiotic administration prior to the incision to reduce the risk of surgical site infection.

Multimodal antiemetic prophylaxis Combination of drugs with different mechanisms to reduce the risk of postoperative nausea.

Perioperative venous thromboembolism prophylaxis Pharmacological and mechanical measures aimed at preventing deep vein thrombosis after surgery.

Perioperative blood saving program Set of multimodal strategies aimed at reducing the need for allogeneic transfusion.

Also: patient blood management

Surgical quality improvement program Structured institutional initiative for the collection and analysis of surgical outcome indicators.

Programming of the daily surgical list Sequential organization of the procedures to be performed in an operating room during a day.

Propofol Ultra-short-acting intravenous hypnotic used in anesthetic induction and maintenance.

Also: 2,6-diisopropylphenol

Simple prostatectomy for benign hyperplasia Surgical removal of obstructive prostate tissue in large benign hyperplasia.

Protamine Drug used to reverse the anticoagulant effect of heparin after extracorporeal circulation.

Out-of-hospital emergency airway management protocol Sequence of decisions to secure the airway outside the controlled hospital environment.

Early postoperative mobilization protocol Early ambulation strategy aimed at reducing thromboembolic and respiratory complications.

Massive transfusion protocol Standardized sequence of administration of blood products in a fixed proportion in the event of severe bleeding.

Epidural dose test Small volume injection with marker to rule out intrathecal or intravascular catheter placement.

Also: test dose

Preoperative cardiopulmonary stress test Objective evaluation of cardiorespiratory reserve using ergometry with gas analysis.

Also: CPET

Perioperative serum tryptase test Biochemical determination used to confirm an anaphylactic event during anesthesia.

Pseudoarthrosis Lack of bone consolidation with formation of fibrous tissue at the fracture site.

Also: pseudarthrosis

Single puncture versus perineural catheter Comparison between single bolus technique and catheter placement for continuous infusion.

Point of care for coagulation Coagulation analysis performed together with the patient that allows quick therapeutic decisions.

Also: point of care

Post-surgical keloid Excessive growth of scar tissue that extends beyond the edges of the original wound.

Penetrating keratoplasty Surgical replacement of the entire corneal thickness with a donor graft.

Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy Administration of heated cytotoxic agents directly into the peritoneal cavity after cytoreduction.

Also: HIPEC

Perioperative rhabdomyolysis Destruction of skeletal muscle tissue associated with prolonged positioning or ischemia.

Pulsed radiofrequency for pain Interventional technique that modulates nerve conduction without complete thermal destruction.

Anaphylactoid reaction Direct histamine release reaction without IgE-mediated immunological mechanism.

Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction Mild transfusion complication due to cytokines released from leukocytes of the blood component.

Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction Serious transfusion complication due to ABO incompatibility with intravascular hemolysis.

Damage Control Resuscitation Surgical and volume replacement strategy aimed at the rapid stabilization of the severely traumatized patient.

Neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room Set of maneuvers applied to the newborn with depression at birth.

Ryanodine receptor Calcium channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum involved in the pathophysiology of malignant hyperthermia.

Acute graft rejection Immunological reaction that occurs days or weeks after the transplant against the graft.

Chronic graft rejection Progressive and late deterioration of the function of the transplanted organ due to sustained immunological mechanisms.

Hyperacute graft rejection Immediate and severe immunological reaction against the transplanted organ.

Previous cruciate ligament reconstruction Surgical procedure that replaces the injured anterior cruciate ligament using a graft.

Breast reconstruction with flap Surgical procedure that restores breast volume using transferred autologous tissue.

Late recovery from anesthesia Delay in return to baseline consciousness after discontinuation of anesthetic agents.

Intraoperative cell salvage Device that collects, washes and reinfuses autologous blood lost during surgery.

Also: cell saver

Open reduction with internal fixation Surgical technique that exposes the fracture focus and stabilizes it with osteosynthesis material.

Also: RAFI

Closed fracture reduction Realignment of bone fragments without direct surgical exposure of the fracture focus.

Surgical reduction of facial fracture Surgical realignment of bone fragments after complex facial trauma.

Post-surgical hospital readmission New hospitalization related to complications of the previous surgical procedure.

Unplanned surgical reintervention Return to the operating room due to unforeseen complications after the index surgery.

Remifentanil Ultra-short synthetic opioid metabolized by nonspecific plasma esterases.

Open aortic aneurysm repair Conventional surgical technique for resection and replacement of the aneurysmal aortic segment.

Thoracic aortic aneurysm repair Surgical replacement or exclusion of the dilated thoracic aortic segment.

Repair of esophageal atresia Surgical correction of congenital discontinuity of the esophagus, frequently with associated tracheoesophageal fistula.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair Surgical correction of the diaphragm defect with reduction of herniated viscera to the thorax.

Rotator cuff repair Surgical procedure for reinsertion of the injured rotator cuff tendons.

Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair Minimally invasive aneurysm exclusion technique using intraluminal endoprosthesis.

Also: EVAR

Mitral valve repair Conservative surgical technique that corrects mitral valve dysfunction without replacing it.

Previous rectum resection Surgical removal of the rectum with sphincter preservation and colorectal anastomosis.

Transurethral prostate resection Endoscopic procedure that removes obstructive prostate tissue through the urethral route.

Also: TURP

Perioperative insulin resistance Transient alteration of glucose metabolism induced by the stress of surgery.

Airway resistance Opposition to gas flow within the tracheobronchial tree during ventilation.

Neuroendocrine response to surgical trauma Set of hormonal and metabolic changes triggered by surgical aggression.

Restriction of unnecessary prolonged fasting Principle of enhanced recovery protocols that shortens safe preoperative fasting time.

Postoperative urinary retention Inability to empty the bladder after surgery, frequently related to anesthetic effects.

Surgical retractor Instrument used to separate and keep exposed the edges of a surgical wound.

Surgical myocardial revascularization Creation of vascular bridges to restore obstructed coronary flow.

Also: coronary bypass

Pharmacological reversal of sedation Administration of specific antagonists to reverse the effect of sedative or analgesic drugs.

Perioperative pulmonary risk Probability of respiratory complications after surgery, influenced by comorbidity and type of intervention.

Chest rigidity due to opioids Contraction of the chest wall muscles induced by rapidly administered powerful opioids.

Rocuronium Rapid-onset aminosteroidal non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker.

Ropivacaine Long-acting amide local anesthetic with less cardiotoxicity than bupivacaine.

Intraoperative surgical table rotation Dynamic adjustment of table orientation to optimize exposure of the operating field.

Surgical saphenectomy Surgical removal of the insufficient saphenous vein.

Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy Surgical removal of both fallopian tubes and ovaries.

Procedural conscious sedation State of pharmacological depression of consciousness that preserves the response to verbal stimuli.

Procedural deep sedation State of pharmacological depression in which the patient does not respond easily but maintains cardiorespiratory function.

Sedoanalgesia in intensive care Combination of sedative and analgesic drugs used for the comfort of ventilated critically ill patients.

Anatomical liver segmentectomy Surgical resection limited to a hepatic segment defined by its own irrigation.

Pulmonary segmentectomy Surgical resection limited to an anatomical lung segment.

Second surgical look Scheduled reintervention to reevaluate tissue viability or the evolution of an abdominal injury.

Also: second look

Central pain sensitization Neurophysiological phenomenon of amplification of the painful signal at the level of the central nervous system.

Optical peripheral saturation sensor Component of the pulse oximeter that measures light absorption through the capillary bed.

Self-static separator Retractor that maintains exposure of the surgical field without the need for continuous manual restraint.

Sepsis of surgical origin Deregulated systemic response to an infection originating from the operated site or cavity.

Reconstructive septorhinoplasty Combined surgical correction of nasal respiratory function and the external contour of the nose after trauma or malformation.

Postoperative seroma Accumulation of sterile serous fluid in the surgical space after surgery.

Sevoflurane Halogenated inhalation induction soft, pleasant, widely used in pediatrics.

Sigmoidectomy Surgical resection of the sigmoid colon.

High fidelity surgical simulation Training with reproduced scenarios that reproduce critical situations in the operating room.

Perioperative compartment syndrome Increased pressure within a muscular compartment that compromises tissue perfusion after prolonged positioning.

Postanesthetic apnea syndrome of prematurity Risk of apnea after general anesthesia in preterm neonates.

Postoperative low cardiac output syndrome Complication after cardiac surgery characterized by insufficient cardiac pumping.

Anesthetic cauda equina syndrome Rare neurological complication associated with injury or toxicity of the sacral roots after spinal anesthesia.

Orthopedic fat embolism syndrome Systemic complication associated with bone marrow manipulation during long bone surgery.

Supine hypotension syndrome of pregnancy Clinical picture of maternal hypotension secondary to compression of the vena cava by the gravid uterus.

Surgical short bowel syndrome Malabsorption secondary to extensive resection of the small intestine.

Mendelson syndrome Chemical pneumonitis secondary to bronchoaspiration of acidic gastric contents.

Hepatic reperfusion syndrome Acute hemodynamic instability that occurs when blood flow is restored to the transplanted liver.

Anesthetic HELLP syndrome Perioperative considerations in the severe variant of preeclampsia with hemolysis and thrombocytopenia.

Postgastrectomy syndrome Set of functional digestive disorders secondary to surgical gastric resection.

Residual gas elimination system Mechanism that evacuates excess anesthetic gases from the operating room to protect personnel.

Non-intubable, non-ventilable situation Airway emergency that requires immediate surgical access.

Also: NINV

Circulatory overload associated with transfusion Complication due to hydrostatic pulmonary edema secondary to excessive or rapid transfusion.

Also: TACO

Lactated Ringer's solution Balanced crystalloid that contains lactate as a bicarbonate precursor.

0.9% physiological saline solution Isotonic crystalloid widely used in perioperative volume replacement.

Neuroanesthetic hypertonic saline solution Therapeutic alternative to mannitol for the acute control of intracranial pressure.

Surgical grooved probe Instrument used to guide the scalpel and protect underlying structures during the incision.

Venoarterial extracorporeal life support Combined circulatory and respiratory assistance modality through extracorporeal circuit.

Succinylcholine Ultra-short-acting depolarizing neuromuscular blocker.

Also: suxamethonium

Sufentanil Synthetic opioid of greater potency than fentanyl, used in major surgery.

Sugammadex Modified cyclodextrin that selectively reverses the blockade by aminosteroids.

Pharmacological response surface Mathematical model that represents the interaction between hypnotic and opioid on a clinical effect.

Genetic susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia Hereditary predisposition to develop severe muscular hypermetabolism when faced with certain anesthetics.

Perioperative suspension of anticoagulants Structured management of the interruption and restart of anticoagulant drugs around surgery.

Surgical aortic valve replacement Surgical replacement of the diseased aortic valve with a mechanical or biological prosthesis.

Absorbable suture Suture material that progressively degrades in the body without requiring removal.

Monophilament suture Single-strand surgical thread with less tissue reaction and bacterial carryover.

Braided multifilament suture Surgical thread composed of several intertwined strands with greater manageability.

Non-absorbable suture Suture material that remains in the tissue and may require subsequent removal.

Postoperative cardiac tamponade Acute compression of the heart due to accumulation of blood or fluid in the pericardial space after surgery.

Hasson technique Open and controlled access method for placement of the first laparoscopic trocar.

Negative pressure therapy for wounds Technique that applies controlled suction to a wound to promote granulation and closure.

Also: TPN

Anticoagulant bridge therapy Temporary replacement of an oral anticoagulant with low molecular weight heparin perioperatively.

Also: bridging

Transpulmonary thermodilution Cardiac output measurement technique based on thermal indicator injection.

Halothane-caffeine contracture test In vitro diagnostic test for susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia.

Spinal tetracaine Ester-type local anesthetic classically used in spinal anesthesia.

Clotting time activated Point-of-care test used to monitor heparin anticoagulation during extracorporeal circulation.

Also: TCA

Rotation time between surgeries Interval used in cleaning, preparing and changing the patient between consecutive procedures.

Surgical time Differentiated operative phase within a procedure with specific technical objectives.

Total surgical time Complete duration of the procedure from incision to wound closure.

May Scissors Robust surgical instrument used to cut thick tissues and sutures.

Metzenbaum scissors Thin-bladed surgical instrument used for dissection of delicate tissues.

Tympanoplasty Surgical reconstruction of the perforated tympanic membrane.

Sodium thiopental Ultra-short-acting barbiturate historically used in anesthetic induction.

Also: pentothal

Total thyroidectomy Complete surgical removal of the thyroid gland.

Posterolateral thoracotomy Classic surgical approach to the thorax used in major pulmonary surgery.

Orthopedic compression screw Implant that generates approximation force between fractured bone fragments.

Surgical pneumatic tourniquet Device that temporarily interrupts blood flow to a limb during orthopedic surgery.

Laparoscopy tower Integrated video, light and insufflation equipment used in minimally invasive surgery.

Toxicity due to local anesthetics on the central nervous system Neurological manifestations of overdose or intravascular injection of local anesthetic.

Systemic toxicity due to local anesthetic Severe clinical picture due to excessive absorption or intravascular injection of local anesthetic.

Also: LAST

Trabeculectomy Filtering surgical procedure that creates an alternative drainage route for the aqueous humor in glaucoma.

Placental transfer of anesthetic drugs Passage of anesthetics through the placental barrier with potential fetal effect.

Massive transfusion Administration of a high volume of blood products in a short period for severe bleeding.

Reconstructive tracheoplasty Surgical procedure that corrects structural defects of the trachea.

Open surgical tracheostomy Procedure for creating a tracheal stoma through direct surgical dissection.

Emergency tracheostomy Direct surgical access to the trachea performed in the context of an airway emergency.

Orthotopic heart transplant Surgical replacement of the diseased heart with a graft in its original anatomical position.

Orthotopic liver transplant Surgical replacement of the diseased liver with a graft in its original anatomical position.

Kidney transplant Surgical implantation of a donor kidney in a recipient with end-stage renal disease.

Train of four Peripheral nerve stimulation pattern used to monitor the degree of neuromuscular blockade.

Also: TOF

Lethal triad of trauma Combination of hypothermia, acidosis and coagulopathy that worsens the prognosis of the trauma patient.

Surgical trocar Tubular instrument that allows the passage of laparoscopic instruments through the abdominal wall.

Arterial surgical thrombectomy Surgical removal of a thrombus that occludes a peripheral artery.

Thromboelastography Viscoelastic test that evaluates the global kinetics of coagulation in real time.

Also: TEG

Rotational thromboelastometry Viscoelastic test used to guide goal-directed transfusion therapy.

Also: ROTEM

Postoperative deep vein thrombosis Thrombus formation in the deep venous system associated with surgical immobilization.

Also: TVP

Double light tube Special endotracheal tube that allows selective or independent pulmonary ventilation.

Endotracheal tube Flexible cannula inserted into the trachea to secure the airway and allow mechanical ventilation.

Endotracheal tube with cuff Tube with inflatable balloon that seals the airway and prevents leaks or aspiration.

Perioperative pressure ulcer Ischemic skin injury secondary to prolonged compression during long-term procedures.

Surgical pressure ulcer Ischemic skin injury classified by stages according to the depth of tissue damage.

Restrictive transfusion threshold Strategy that limits red blood cell transfusion to low hemoglobin levels in stable patients.

Surgical intensive care unit Specialized service in the management of critically ill patients in the postoperative period of major surgery.

Post-anesthesia care unit Hospital area intended for immediate monitoring of the patient after the anesthetic procedure.

Also: UCPA

Postoperative acute pain unit Specialized service in structured pain management after surgery.

Ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy Endoscopic procedure that fragments ureteral stones using laser energy.

Selective vagotomy Surgical section of specific vagal branches to reduce gastric acid secretion.

Last-minute anesthetic assessment Abbreviated clinical evaluation performed immediately before an unscheduled procedure.

Multidisciplinary anesthetic assessment Joint evaluation between anesthesiology and other specialties for patients with high surgical complexity.

Neonatal assessment immediately after birth Structured clinical evaluation of the newborn in the first minutes of life.

Adjustable overpressure valve Component of the anesthetic circuit that limits the maximum pressure within the respiratory system.

Also: APL

Calibrated anesthetic vaporizer Device that converts liquid anesthetic into vapor at controlled concentration.

Pulse pressure variation Dynamic parameter derived from the arterial waveform used to predict volume response.

Also: VPP

Systolic volume variation Dynamic hemodynamic parameter that estimates the preload-dependence of cardiac output.

Also: VVS

Varicocelectomy Surgical ligation of the dilated veins of the pampiniform plexus.

Perioperative vasoplegia State of vasodilation refractory to vasopressors that occurs after extracorporeal circulation or sepsis.

Perioperative vasopressin Non-catecholaminergic vasopressor used in refractory vasoplegic shock.

Vecuronium Non-depolarizing aminosteroidal neuromuscular blocker of intermediate duration.

Anesthetic therapeutic window Dose range in which an anesthetic produces the desired effect without toxicity.

Difficult ventilation with face mask Inability to maintain adequate oxygenation through a face mask and bag.

Transtracheal jet ventilation Rescue oxygenation technique through intermittent injection of oxygen at high pressure.

Intraoperative lung protective ventilation Ventilatory strategy with low tidal volumes aimed at reducing lung injury.

Verification prior to using the anesthesia machine Systematic verification of equipment operation and safety before each procedure.

Also: machine checklist

Difficult airway anticipated Situation in which difficulty in intubation or mask ventilation is expected.

Unanticipated difficult airway Unforeseen difficulty in intubating or ventilating detected during the anesthetic procedure.

Infraglottic airway Access to the airway below the vocal cords, such as the endotracheal tube or tracheostomy.

Anatomically distinct pediatric airway Set of anatomical characteristics of the infant that make laryngoscopy difficult.

Supraglottic airway Category of devices that ensure ventilation without exceeding the glottis.

Improved recovery path after surgery Perioperative multimodal protocol aimed at accelerating functional recovery.

Also: ERAS

Videolaryngoscope Device with camera that allows indirect visualization of the glottis during intubation.

Vitrectomy Surgical removal of the vitreous humor, indicated in multiple complex retinal pathologies.

Pediatric estimated circulating blood volume Calculation of total blood volume according to body weight used to estimate allowable losses.

Anesthetic xenon Noble gas with anesthetic properties and minimal hemodynamic impact, of limited use due to cost.