Opener of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle Compound that induces hyperpolarization of the membrane of the smooth muscle cells of the arterioles by opening potassium channels, resulting in powerful peripheral vasodilation.

Also: vascular potassium channel opener · hyperpolarization inducer of arterial smooth muscle · arteriolar vasodilator through potassium channels

Acetylation Phase II conjugation metabolic pathway in which an acetyl group from acetyl-coenzyme A is transferred to an organic compound through N-acetyltransferases. It is a key process in the elimination of amines and hydrazines.

Also: conjugation with acetyl · acetyltransferase metabolism · acetylation of xenobiotics

Apical activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase type C Local peptide compound that binds and activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase C in the lumen of the intestine, increasing intracellular cGMP to promote water excretion and relieve visceral pain.

Also: intestinal guanylate cyclase C agonist · enteric cGMP-regulated secretagogue · intestinal visceral pain modulator

Activator of glutamate-regulated chlorine channels in nematodes Antiparasitic compound that persistently opens chloride channels controlled by glutamate, forcing an influx of chloride that hyperpolarizes the membrane and causes muscle paralysis.

Also: ivermectin for flaccid paralysis · nematode chloride channel agonist · allosteric modulator of chloride channels by glutamate

Activator of the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin Biologically engineered compound that avidly binds to fibrin in the blood clot, locally catalyzing the generation of plasmin to dissolve the fibrin clot network.

Also: clot-specific fibrinolytic · tissue plasminogen activator · fibrin target thrombolytic

Activator of nitric oxide-independent soluble guanylate cyclase Compound that sensitizes and directly stimulates the soluble guanylate cyclase enzyme without requiring the presence of endogenous nitric oxide, promoting intense pulmonary vasodilation.

Also: soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator · allosteric activator of sGC · NO-independent pulmonary vasodilator

Activator of calcium sensing receptors in the parathyroid gland Calcimimetic compound that directly sensitizes the calcium sensing receptor, reducing the excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone in patients with hyperparathyroidism.

Also: direct acting parathyroid calcimimetic · PTH secretion modulator by parathyroid calcium simulation

Nitric oxide-independent activator of soluble guanylate cyclase Compound that directly stimulates the soluble guanylate cyclase enzyme without requiring the presence of endogenous nitric oxide, promoting intense pulmonary vasodilation.

Also: NO-independent activator of sGC · direct stimulator of soluble guanylate cyclase · NO-independent pulmonary vasodilator by sGC

Adsorption of toxins by extracorporeal charcoal cartridge Extracorporeal medical procedure in which blood is extracted from the patient and circulated through a device that contains activated carbon or resins to filter out toxins that have high protein binding.

Also: hemoperfusion by adsorption cartridge · extracorporeal purification by activated carbon · hematic filtration for toxin adsorption

Pharmacological affinity Thermodynamic force of binding and chemical attraction that is established reversibly between an active ingredient and a specific receptor structure. It determines the ease with which a substance attaches to its biological target.

Also: molecular association constant · cell attachment avidity · receiver coupling force

Hydrophilic filtration agent with osmotic action Pharmacologically inert substance that is freely filtered at the kidney level and is not reabsorbed, retaining water by an osmotic gradient throughout the entire nephron to force its elimination.

Also: renal filtration osmotic · osmotic water volume depletor · tubular light osmotic dehydrating agent

Agent that forms covalent cross-links in DNA Antineoplastic cytotoxic compound that chemically reacts with the purine bases of DNA, inserting alkyl groups that generate insurmountable cross-links that prevent cell replication and transcription.

Also: alkylating chemotherapy · former of cross-links in DNA · DNA alkylating cytotoxic agent

Chelating agent for iron deposits Organic compound that has a very high binding affinity for free or excess iron ions stored in the body, forming stable soluble complexes for urinary or biliary elimination.

Also: iron removal siderophore · soluble chelator of iron deposits · molecular tissue iron scavenger

Selective alpha-two adrenergic agonist Substance that stimulates alpha-2 receptors in the presynaptic nerve terminals of the central nervous system, reducing the release of norepinephrine and decreasing peripheral sympathetic tone.

Also: alpha-2 centrally acting sympatholytic · selective activator of presynaptic alpha-2 receptors

Alpha-one selective adrenergic agonist Compound that specifically activates postsynaptic alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, causing an intense contraction of vascular smooth muscle and an increase in peripheral arterial resistance.

Also: alpha-1 selective sympathomimetic · activator of postsynaptic alpha-1 receptors · selective adrenergic vasoconstrictor

Selective beta-one adrenergic agonist Chemical compound that preferentially activates beta-1 receptors located in cardiac tissue, increasing the frequency, contraction force and conduction speed of the myocardium.

Also: beta-1 selective cardiac stimulant · activator of myocardial beta-1 receptors · selective beta-1 sympathomimetic

Full agonist Compound capable of binding to a specific receptor and triggering the maximum possible biological response in that cell signaling system. It has both a high affinity for the receptor and maximum intrinsic activity.

Also: total agonist · maximum efficiency ligand · maximum response agonist

Glucagon-like peptide type one receptor agonist Mimetic compound that activates GLP-1 receptors, inducing pancreatic insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, also slowing stomach emptying.

Also: synthetic analogue of GLP-1 · incretin mimetic · GLP-1 receptor agonist

Inverse agonist Substance that binds to a biological receptor that has basal constitutive activity and stabilizes its inactive form, reducing the level of response below the basal control. It produces an effect opposite to that of a conventional agonist in the same system.

Also: negative efficacy ligand · constitutive activity modulator · receptor inverse agonist

Selective peptide agonist of renal type two vasopressin receptors Synthetic compound with high affinity for V2 receptors that induces powerful water reabsorption in the renal collecting ducts without causing peripheral vasoconstriction.

Also: selective desmopressin V2 · synthetic vasopressin analogue free of pressor action · selective V2 renal stimulant of antidiuretic hormone

Selective agonist of cranial serotonin receptors Compound with high affinity for the 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors of cerebral vessels that stops migraine pain by causing vasoconstriction and reducing perivascular neurogenic inflammation.

Also: anti-migraine triptan · selective 5-HT1B/1D agonist · serotonergic meningeal vasoconstrictor

Synthetic somatostatin analogue resistant to plasma degradation Peptide compound modified to have a long half-life in blood, which persistently inhibits the secretion of growth hormone and digestive peptides.

Also: synthetic persistent somatostatin analogue · stable somatostatin analog octapeptide · hormonal secretion inhibitor by somatostatin analogue

Analogue that stimulates bone remodeling through the parathyroid route Engineering compound that selectively imitates human parathyroid hormone with pulsatile administration, promoting the active formation of new bone by osteoblasts.

Also: recombinant parathyroid hormone analogue · parathyroid anabolic osteoformer · pulsatile stimulant of PTH receptors

Protective synthetic analogue of gastric prostaglandins Compound that mimics the local effects of prostaglandin E1, stimulating the secretion of protective mucus and bicarbonate by the stomach while reducing acid production.

Also: prostanoid for protection of the gastric mucosa · synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1 · digestive cytological protector

Local anesthetic with amide chemical structure Local analgesic compound that contains an amide-type bond in its intermediate chain, which determines that its metabolism depends almost exclusively on hepatic enzyme systems.

Also: amide-type local anesthetic · amide local analgesic · amide sodium channel blocker

Local anesthetic with an ester chemical structure Local analgesic compound that has an ester-type bond in its intermediate molecule, which causes its rapid hydrolysis by cholinesterase enzymes in the blood and peripheral tissues.

Also: ester type local anesthetic · local analgesic with rapid plasma metabolism · ester type nerve conduction blocker

Local anesthetic of respiratory sensory endings Substance that temporarily desensitizes the stretch and irritation receptors located in the mucosa of the upper airways, interrupting the afferent pathway of the cough reflex.

Also: peripheral action cough suppressant · peripheral local cough suppressant · desensitizer of cough receptors of the respiratory mucosa

Physiological antagonism Phenomenon in which two compounds act independently on different biological targets and pathways to produce physiological responses that counteract each other in the same organ. There is no direct competition for the same receiver.

Also: functional antagonism · physiological opposition of effects · functional counteraction of substances

Chemical antagonism Direct interaction of a chemical nature between two compounds in the body, resulting in the neutralization or inactivation of one of them without the intervention of biological receptors. It is used clinically to eliminate toxins from the bloodstream.

Also: chemical neutralization · inactivation by direct binding · mutual molecular deactivation

Non-selective beta adrenergic antagonist Drug that blocks both cardiac beta-1 and bronchial beta-2 receptors, reducing cardiac activity but with the risk of inducing bronchospasm in predisposed patients.

Also: first generation beta blocker · non-selective beta adrenergic blocker · mixed beta sympatholytic

Selective beta-one adrenergic antagonist Compound that preferentially blocks cardiac beta-1 receptors, reducing blood pressure and myocardial oxygen demand with less effect on bronchial resistance.

Also: cardioselective beta blocker · selective beta-1 adrenergic blocker · selective beta-1 sympatholytic

Selective alpha-one adrenergic antagonist Drug that blocks the postsynaptic alpha-1 adrenergic receptors of the smooth muscle of the blood vessels and urethra, inducing vasodilation and facilitating urination.

Also: selective alpha-1 blocker · antagonist of postsynaptic alpha-1 receptors · alpha-1 sympatholytic

Competitive antagonist Compound that associates with the same active site of a receptor as the endogenous ligand in a reversible manner, preventing its activation but allowing mutual displacement depending on the concentration of both substances. Shifts the dose-response curve to the right.

Also: competitive orthosteric blocker · displaceable receptor antagonist · orthosteric site inhibitor

Vitamin K liver function antagonist Compound that competitively inhibits the vitamin K epoxide reductase enzyme in the liver, blocking the activation and synthesis of functional coagulation factors.

Also: coumarin carboxylation inhibitor · vitamin K liver blocker · oral indirect anticoagulant agent

Angiotensin II receptor antagonist Compound that selectively blocks the AT1 receptor of angiotensin II, directly canceling its vasoconstrictor, aldosterone-releasing and vascular wall remodeling effects.

Also: ARA-II · angiotensin AT1 receptor blocker · selective angiotensin type one receptor antagonist

Antagonist of pulmonary smooth muscle endothelin receptors Compound that selectively or dually blocks the ETA and ETB receptors of bronchial and vascular smooth muscle, reducing pulmonary arterial pressure and preventing vascular remodeling.

Also: endothelin receptor blocker · pulmonary endothelin receptor antagonist · inhibitor of endothelin vasoconstriction

Dual type A and B pulmonary endothelin receptor antagonist Dual blocking compound that prevents the vasoconstrictive and remodeling effects of endothelin-1 by competitively blocking ETA and ETB receptors in pulmonary vessels.

Also: dual pulmonary endothelin receptor blocker · ERA dual antagonist · inhibitor of pulmonary vascular remodeling by endothelin

Antagonist of cysteine-type leukotriene receptors Compound that competitively blocks cellular CysLT1 receptors, inhibiting the intense contraction of the bronchi and the inflammation of the airways induced by leukotrienes.

Also: selective antileukotriene · bronchial leukotriene receptor blocker · airway lipid inflammation receptor antagonist

Antagonist of striatal adenosine receptors type two to Compound that selectively blocks adenosine A2A receptors in striatal neurons, facilitating dopamine signaling and reducing the motor symptoms of Parkinson's.

Also: A2A receptor antagonist · striatal adenosine A2A receptor blocker · motor modulator by blocking A2A

Antagonist of the inflammatory mediator tumor necrosis factor Compound of biological nature that selectively neutralizes tumor necrosis factor alpha in the circulation, interrupting the systemic and tissue inflammatory cascade.

Also: anti-TNF antibody · tumor necrosis factor alpha blocker · biological inhibitor of TNF inflammatory signaling

Highly specific non-steroidal aldosterone receptor antagonist Compound that selectively blocks the mineralocorticoid receptor with a significantly lower affinity for sex hormone receptors, preventing gynecomastia.

Also: highly specific non-steroidal aldosterone antagonist · specific mineralocorticoid blocker · high selectivity aldosterone inhibitor agent

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist Compound that blocks the binding of aldosterone to its intracellular receptors in the collecting duct of the kidney, favoring the elimination of sodium and water while retaining potassium.

Also: aldosterone blocker · aldosterone receptor antagonist · potassium saver due to mineralocorticoid blockade · ARM · aldosterone antagonist

Non-competitive antagonist Substance that reduces the maximum effect of an agonist by irreversibly binding to the target or by associating with a different allosteric site, altering the structure of the receptor. Its inhibitory effect cannot be overcome by increasing the dose of the agonist.

Also: non-competitive allosteric blocker · unsurpassed receptor antagonist · secondary site inhibitor

Non-competitive NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist Compound that blocks the ion channel associated with the NMDA receptor by binding to an internal site, attenuating the pathological entry of calcium that produces cell death in degenerative processes.

Also: NMDA receiver channel blocker · NMDA-type glutamate receptor antagonist · NMDA channel neuroprotector

Selective nonsteroidal aldosterone receptor antagonist Compound that highly specifically blocks the mineralocorticoid receptor without significantly interacting with progesterone or peripheral androgen receptors.

Also: non-steroidal selective aldosterone blocker · specific mineralocorticoid antagonist · non-steroidal aldosterone inhibitory agent

Selective antagonist of the dopamine D2 receptor with cerebral action Compound with a neuroleptic structure that binds selectively and powerfully to D2 receptors of the central nervous system, stopping acute psychotic symptoms.

Also: central D2 receiver blocker · selective central D2 neuroleptic · selective dopaminergic antagonist of D2 receptors

Programmed cell death receptor type one blocking antibody Oncological immunotherapy compound that prevents the interaction of the programmed death receptor with its ligands, potently enhancing the tumor-destroying response of T lymphocytes.

Also: antibody against PD-1 · anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade therapy · restorative antitumor immunosurveillance by PD-1

Antibody against the alpha subunit of IL-2 activation receptors Immune-based immunosuppressive compound that blocks the CD25 receptor on the surface of T lymphocytes, preventing them from being activated in response to the release of IL-2.

Also: antibody against CD25 · biological interleukin two receptor blocker · immunosuppressant by blocking the IL-2 alpha receptor

Combined interleukin four and thirteen signal blocking antibody Biological compound that combinedly blocks the alpha subunit of the IL-4 receptor, interrupting the type two immune cascade in asthma and eczema.

Also: antibody against IL-4 receptor · biological inhibitor of IL-4 and IL-13 · type two combined signaling jammer

Osteoclastic differentiation blocking antibody by Rank Biological compound that selectively blocks the RANKL ligand, preventing it from interacting with its receptor in pre-osteoclasts and suppressing bone resorption.

Also: antibody against RANKL · selective inhibitor of osteoclast maturation · biological blocker of bone resorption

Antibody that blocks interleukin five or its cellular receptor Biological compound designed to selectively bind to circulating interleukin-5 or its membrane receptor, stopping the inflammatory eosinophilic cascade of the airways.

Also: antibody against IL-5 · anti-IL-5 biological therapy · inhibitor of eosinophil signaling by IL-5

Bone formation inhibitory protein blocking antibody Biological compound that neutralizes sclerostin, allowing the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway and promoting the active synthesis of bone tissue by osteoblasts.

Also: antibody against sclerostin · biological promoter of bone formation by sclerostin · dual action anti-sclerostin osteoformer

Antibody for induction of cell lysis by binding to CD20 glycoprotein Molecularly engineered immunological compound designed to selectively bind to the CD20 protein expressed on mature B lymphocytes, forcing its destruction by the immune system.

Also: antibody against CD20 · anti-CD20 biological therapy · immune cellular depletion of CD20 B lymphocytes

Mature B lymphocyte surface glycoprotein binding antibody Immunotherapy designed to specifically bind to the CD20 antigen of B lymphocytes, forcing their removal and destruction by cellular complement mechanisms.

Also: antibody against CD20 of B lymphocytes · cellular depletion of B lymphocytes by monoclonal antibody

Selective binding antibody to circulating immunoglobulin E Biological compound that selectively binds to free IgE in plasma, preventing it from coupling to cellular receptors and preventing the activation of mast cells.

Also: antibody against IgE · anti-IgE biological therapy · plasma blocker of allergic IgE antibodies

Monoclonal antibody blocking EGFR receptor activation Biological compound designed to selectively bind to the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor, preventing its autophosphorylation and mitogenic transduction.

Also: antibody against EGFR · anti-EGFR biological therapy · epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor by antibody

Antidepressant with action on multiple receptor systems Antidepressant compound with a classic structure that, in addition to inhibiting the reuptake of monoamines, interacts by blocking muscarinic cholinergic, H1 histaminergic, and alpha-1 adrenergic receptors.

Also: tricyclic antidepressant · ADT · non-selective amine reuptake inhibitor with multireceptor profile

Plasma affinity neutralization antidote Immune-based substance that binds with extraordinary strength to the active ingredient or toxin circulating in the blood, preventing it from reaching its receptors and facilitating its removal.

Also: neutralizing antibody Fab fragment · intravascular molecular toxic scavenger · plasmic immunological antidote

Fungal antimetabolite for fraudulent incorporation of nucleic acids Compound that is captured and deaminated by fungal cells to a fraudulent fluoronucleotide that is incorporated into the fungal genetic material, stopping its DNA replication and protein synthesis.

Also: fungal nucleoside antimetabolite · antifungal flucytosine · fungal metabolic nucleic acid inhibitor

Antimetabolite by imitation of pyrimidine nitrogenous bases Antineoplastic compound analogous to pyrimidine bases that blocks the enzyme thymidylate synthase or is fraudulently incorporated into the cellular genome, interrupting replication in tumor cells.

Also: antimetabolite of pyrimidine bases · thymidylate synthase inhibitor · molecular impostor of pyrimidines

Antimetabolite by imitation of purine nitrogenous bases Compound with a structure similar to purine bases that interferes with cell duplication by acting as a fraudulent substrate for synthesis enzymes and incorporating defectively into tumor DNA.

Also: antimetabolite of purine bases · purine molecular imposter · inhibitor of purine nucleotide synthesis

Antiresorptive with high affinity for calcium hydroxyapatite Compound that is deposited in the bone mineral matrix and is selectively taken up by active osteoclasts, inhibiting their cellular functions and inducing their apoptosis.

Also: bone bisphosphonate · inhibitor of osteoclastic resorption by pyrophosphates · bisphosphonate type bone mineral modulator

Area under the plasma concentration curve Mathematical integral that represents the time course of the amount of an active ingredient in the blood after its administration. It reflects the general and total exposure of the body to the active substance over time.

Also: AUC · area under the curve · total systemic exposure

Association of calcium channel blocker with ACE inhibitor Combined therapy that associates vasodilation by blocking arterial calcium with blocking the synthesis of angiotensin II, offering a powerful synergistic effect against arterial hypertension.

Also: combined ACEI-calcium antagonist therapy · dual antihypertensive association · synergistic arterial and venous vasodilator combination

Association of neprilysin inhibition with AT1 receptor blockade Therapeutic combination that acts by inhibiting the degradation of natriuretic peptides by blocking neprilysin while inhibiting the harmful effects of angiotensin II by blocking the AT1 receptor.

Also: ARNI · dual neprilysin and angiotensin receptor inhibitor · INRA combination for heart failure

Ionic ammonium trap in colonic lumen due to acidification Synthetic disaccharide that, when metabolized by the microbiota, produces fatty acids that lower the pH of the colon, converting soluble ammonia into non-absorbable ammonia.

Also: colonic ammonia trap by pH · ammonium trapping lactulose · free ammonium colonic acidifier

Ionic trapping of weak acids due to modification of urinary pH Systemic treatment that uses sodium bicarbonate infusions to raise the pH of the urine, forcing the selective ionization of acidic compounds and preventing their renal reabsorption.

Also: alkalinization of urine for ionic trapping · accelerated urinary elimination of weak acids · increased renal clearance by ionization

Blood-brain barrier Complex cellular structure with highly selective permeability that isolates the central nervous tissue from potentially harmful substances in the blood. It is made up of tight junctions of endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes.

Also: BHE · selective neurovascular barrier · brain protection barrier

Absolute bioavailability Fraction of the dose of an active ingredient that reaches the general circulation unchanged after an extravascular route, compared to the direct intravenous route. It allows you to calculate the exact percentage of systemic absorption of a drug.

Also: F absolute · real systemic bioavailability · systemic absorption fraction

Relative bioavailability Comparison of the amount of active ingredient that reaches the blood after administering two different formulations of the same compound by a route other than intravenous. It is mainly used to evaluate the behavior of different batches or pharmaceutical presentations.

Also: comparative bioequivalence · F relative · formulative bioavailability

Bioequivalence Relationship of biological equivalence between two preparations that have a very similar absorption rate and absorbed amount under controlled experimental conditions. It guarantees that both products have the same therapeutic and safety behavior.

Also: functional pharmaceutical equivalence · bioequivalence of drugs · pharmaceutical interchangeability

Competitive blocker of cellular growth hormone receptors Analogous synthetic compound that prevents the binding of growth hormone to its receptors, indirectly blocking the peripheral production of insulin-like growth factor.

Also: growth hormone receptor antagonist · selective pegvisomant · somatotropin signaling blocker

Competitive muscarinic receptor blocker Drug that prevents the actions of acetylcholine in the target organs of the parasympathetic division by reversibly competing for the active site of muscarinic receptors.

Also: parasympatholytic · competitive muscarinic antagonist · peripheral cholinergic blocker

Competitive androgen receptor blocker Compound that prevents the binding and cellular activity of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in their biological targets through a direct competitive blockade of their intracellular receptors.

Also: antiandrogen receptor · androgen receptor antagonist · competitive androgen blocker

Competitive progesterone receptor blocker Compound that is associated with high affinity to the progesterone receptor, preventing the action of the natural hormone, which compromises the integrity of the endometrium and the maintenance of pregnancy.

Also: receptorial antiprogestogen · selective progesterone blocker · progesterone antagonist

Competitive peripheral histamine H1 receptor blocker Compound that prevents the binding of histamine to its vascular and bronchial targets by competitively blocking H1 receptors in the periphery of the body.

Also: peripheral H1 antihistamine · selective antagonist of H1 allergy receptors · peripheral histamine H1 blocker

Competitive blocker of the benzodiazepine binding site Compound that selectively blocks the allosteric binding site of benzodiazepines in the GABA-A receptor, rapidly reversing its depressant effects on the nervous system.

Also: benzodiazepine antagonist · reverser of benzodiazepine effects · selective flumazenil

Competitive blocker of the glutamate site in the NMDA receptor Compound that directly inhibits the excitatory activation of the NMDA receptor by competing for the same active site as glutamate, reducing excitotoxic neuronal damage.

Also: competitive NMDA receptor antagonist · NMDA receptor orthosteric site blocker · competitive glutamatergic NMDA inhibitor

High affinity dopamine D2 receptor blocker Compound that intensely reduces dopamine transmission by preferentially binding and blocking postsynaptic D2 receptors in the central nervous system.

Also: typical antipsychotic · first generation antipsychotic · classic neuroleptic D2 blocker

Low-threshold neuronal calcium channel blocker Antiepileptic compound that reduces calcium entry by selectively blocking T-type channels in thalamic neurons, useful in the control of absence seizures.

Also: T-type calcium channel blocker · selective type T antiepileptic · inhibitor of low-threshold thalamic calcium currents

Blocker of cardiac potassium channels involved in the repolarization phase Class III compound that prolongs the action potential and QT interval of the electrocardiogram by selectively delaying potassium current in the myocardium.

Also: phase three cardiac potassium channel blocker

Sodium channel blocker of the renal luminal collecting membrane Compound that inactivates epithelial sodium channels in the renal collecting duct, directly decreasing sodium uptake without interfering with hormonal receptors.

Also: aldosterone-independent collector sodium depletor · hydrophilic potassium-sparing diuretic

Myocardial voltage-dependent fast sodium channel blocker Class I antiarrhythmic compound that decreases the slope of rapid depolarization in the zero phase of the cardiac action potential, slowing electrical conduction.

Also: class one cardiac membrane stabilizer

HIV entry blocker by cellular coreceptor CCR5 Antiretroviral compound that selectively binds to the CCR5 coreceptor of the host immune cell, mechanically preventing the entry of r5 viral strains of HIV.

Also: CCR5 receptor antagonist · CCR5 cellular coreceptor inhibitor · viral entry blocker by CCR5

Vesicular monoamine storage pump blocker Compound that blocks the vesicular transporter VMAT, preventing dopamine and norepinephrine from being stored in synaptic vesicles, forcing their cytoplasmic degradation and depleting reserves.

Also: vesicular monoamine depletor · VMAT inhibitor · vesicular monoamine transporter blocker

Blocker of luminal cholesterol uptake by the NPC1L1 transporter Compound that selectively prevents the transport of free cholesterol from the lumen of the intestine by binding to the cellular transporter Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1.

Also: cholesterol absorption inhibitor NPC1L1 · selective transporter blocker NPC1L1 · enteric cholesterol reducer by NPC1L1

Blocker of cellular stimulation of adenosine by A1 and A2 receptors Compound that competitively inhibits adenosine receptors in the nervous system, reducing fatigue impulses and increasing general alertness.

Also: adenosine receptor antagonist · purine adenosine blocker · adenosine brain stimulant

Blocker of stimulation of gastrin secretion by CCK-two receptor Compound that selectively inhibits the CCK2 cholecystokinin and gastrin receptor, decreasing acid production and proliferation of gastric mucosa cells.

Also: CCK-B receptor antagonist · gastrin receptor blocker · gastric inhibitor of the gastrin CCK2 receptor

Central sympathetic function blocker Compound that decreases the activity of the sympathetic nervous system by acting on receptors in the brain stem, reducing the peripheral release of norepinephrine and lowering blood pressure.

Also: centrally acting sympatholytic · central adrenergic inhibitor · brain sympathetic modulator

Blocker of chemotaxis and inflammatory recruitment by H4 receptor Immune modulation compound that selectively blocks histamine H4 receptors, attenuating cell recruitment and reducing the sensation of itching.

Also: antagonist of H1 and H4 receptors · selective H4 histamine blocker · type four immunomodulatory antihistamine

Blocker of water reabsorption through renal aquaporin channels Compound that specifically blocks the V2 vasopressin receptors in the collecting duct of the kidney, favoring the excretion of free water without causing the loss of electrolytes.

Also: aquaretic vaptan · Vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist · renal aquaporin insertion inhibitor

Parathyroid response blocker by simulation of extracellular calcium Compound that sensitizes the calcium sensing receptor in the parathyroid gland, causing it to detect high levels of calcium and decreasing the release of parathyroid hormone.

Also: parathyroid calcimimetic · selective activator of calcium sensing receptor · PTH secretion modulator by calcium simulation

Blocker of gastric acid secretion by H2 receptor Compound that reversibly and competitively prevents the coupling of histamine to the H2 receptors of gastric parietal cells, significantly reducing acid production.

Also: anti-H2 · antagonist of gastric histamine H2 receptors · histaminergic inhibitor of acid secretion

Serotonin signaling blocker at the 5-HT3 receptor Highly potent antiemetic compound that selectively blocks serotonin type 3 receptors in the peripheral vagus nerve and in the chemoreceptor zone of the area postrema of the brain.

Also: selective 5-HT3 antagonist · setron-type antiemetic · serotonergic vomiting blocker

Blocker of painful prostaglandin signaling in the EP-one receptor Selective compound that competitively blocks the EP1 receptor of prostaglandin E2, reducing nociceptive signals and peripheral sensory inflammation.

Also: EP1 receptor antagonist · prostaglandin EP1 receptor blocker · inhibitor of inflammatory hyperalgesia due to EP1

Immune signaling blocker through interleukin six receptor Molecularly engineered antibody that competitively blocks the soluble cellular and membrane receptor of IL-6, stopping the acute inflammatory cascade that characterizes many systemic pathologies.

Also: anti-IL-6 receptor antibody · selective interleukin six signaling blocker · IL-6-mediated acute phase response inhibitor

Substance P blocker at the NK1 receptor Antiemetic compound that prevents the transmission of vomiting signals induced by substance P by selectively binding to the neurokinin-1 receptor in the central nervous system.

Also: antagonist of neurokinin NK1 receptors · central substance P inhibitor · selective chemotherapy antiemetic

Calcitocin gene-related peptide pathway blocker Biological or synthetic compound designed to antagonize the CGRP peptide or its membrane receptor, blocking pain transmission and the intense vasodilation of migraines.

Also: CGRP receptor antagonist · anti-CGRP antibody · inhibitor of CGRP-mediated migraine vasodilation

Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker Vasodilator compound that selectively inhibits L-type calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle, reducing peripheral arterial resistance with little effect on heart conduction.

Also: dihydropyridine calcium antagonist · arterial calcium channel blocker · dihydropyridine vasodilator

Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker Compound that blocks L-type calcium channels with special affinity for the cardiac conduction tissue, decreasing the pulse rate and the contraction force of the heart.

Also: calcium antagonist with cardiac tropism · cardiac calcium channel blocker · myocardial calcium channel depressor

Cardiac sodium channel blocker Class I substance that delays the initial depolarization phase of myocardial fibers, reducing the speed of electrical conduction through cardiac tissue.

Also: class one antiarrhythmic · cardiac fast sodium current blocker · myocardial membrane stabilizer

Microtubule blocker and helminth cellular cytoskeleton Antiparasitic compound that stops the synthesis of microtubules by selectively associating with the beta-tubulin of the parasite, preventing its correct glucose metabolism.

Also: broad-spectrum benzimidazole · helminth beta-tubulin inhibitor · structural blocker of parasitic cytoskeleton

Multiple tyrosine kinase enzyme receptor blocker Small molecule compound that competitively inhibits the ATP binding site on multiple types of intracellular tyrosine kinase receptors, reducing cell growth and tumor angiogenesis.

Also: multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor · Broad spectrum TKI · soluble multikinase blocker

Parasitic vacuolar heme polymerization blocker Antiparasitic compound that interrupts the polymerization of the free toxic heme group within the Plasmodium vacuoles, forcing the cellular destruction of the parasite.

Also: antimalarial heme polymerase inhibitor · antimalarial vacuolar aminoquinoline · parasitic heme detoxification blocker

Cannabinoid receptor blocker type one of the nervous system Compound that selectively inhibits the CB1 receptors of the endocannabinoid system, reducing the impulse of appetite and modulating peripheral lipid metabolism.

Also: type one cannabinoid receptor antagonist · selective CB1 blocker · central modulator of the CB1 receptor

Serotonin type six receptor blocker for cognitive enhancement Compound that selectively inactivates brain 5-HT6 receptors, indirectly promoting the cortical release of acetylcholine and glutamate to improve memory.

Also: 5-HT6 receptor antagonist · selective blocker of type six serotonin receptors · cognitive enhancer by 5-HT6

H1 receptor blocker without effects on the central nervous system Antihistamine compound with very low penetration capacity through the blood-brain barrier, relieving peripheral allergic symptoms without inducing sleep.

Also: second generation antihistamine · non-sedating selective H1 blocker · long-acting peripheral antihistamine

Vascular endothelial factor growth signaling blocker Compound that neutralizes the growth factor VEGF or inactivates its cell membrane receptors, preventing vascular endothelial proliferation and stopping the formation of tumor vessels.

Also: antiangiogenic · VEGF signaling inhibitor · angiogenic vascular endothelial factor blocker

Blocker of the lipid protein scaffolding of the bacterial outer membrane Experimental or clinical antibacterial compound that selectively disorganizes and blocks the transport proteins that structure the outer membrane of resistant gram-negative bacteria.

Also: inhibitor of bacterial outer membrane transport · alterator of the bacterial external lipid scaffolding · bacterial Bam system blocker

Blocker of the epithelial sodium channel in the collecting duct Compound that directly prevents the reabsorption of sodium in the main cells of the renal collecting duct, indirectly reducing the urinary elimination of potassium and hydrogen.

Also: potassium saver due to epithelial channel blockage · ENaC collector channel blocker · aldosterone-independent sodium depletor

Blocker of the terminal end of bacterial wall precursors Glycopeptide compound that associates with high affinity to the D-alanyl-D-alanine end of the forming peptidoglycan, mechanically preventing the polymerization of the bacterial wall.

Also: glycopeptide antibiotic · peptidoglycan polymerization inhibitor · steric blocker of the bacterial cell wall

Enteric cholesterol transporter NPC1L1 blocker Compound that prevents intestinal absorption of cholesterol by binding specifically and reversibly to the Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 transport channel located in the intestinal mucosa.

Also: cholesterol absorption inhibitor · selective NPC1L1 blocker · enterocyte membrane lipid transport inhibitor

Dual action dopaminergic and serotonergic blocker Compound that blocks serotonin 5-HT2A receptors and dopamine D2 receptors in combination, with a lower risk of inducing extrapyramidal motor adverse effects.

Also: atypical antipsychotic · second generation antipsychotic · dual antagonist of 5-HT2A and D2 receptors

Specific blocker of the central presynaptic serotonin transporter Antidepressant compound that highly specifically inactivates the SERT transporter, forcing an increase in the neurotransmitter in the synaptic clefts of the brain.

Also: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor SERT · SERT transporter specific blocker · serotonergic enhancer by SERT

Autonomic lymph node blocker Compound that interrupts nerve transmission simultaneously in the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia by competitively blocking neuronal-type nicotinic cholinergic receptors.

Also: ganglion nicotinic antagonist · central autonomic synapse inhibitor · receiver blocker Nn

Local axonal conduction blocker Compound that selectively and reversibly inhibits the internal part of the voltage-gated sodium channels in the nerve axon, temporarily stopping the propagation of painful impulses.

Also: local axonal membrane anesthetic · reversible blocker of neural sodium channels · nerve conduction stabilizer

Depolarizing neuromuscular blocker Substance that acts as a persistent agonist at the nicotinic receptors of the muscular motor plate, inducing an initial depolarization followed by a blockade due to accommodation and flaccid paralysis.

Also: depolarizing muscle relaxant · persistent muscle nicotinic agonist · Nm receptor blocker due to depolarization

Non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker Competitive antagonist of acetylcholine at the nicotinic receptors of the motor plate that prevents depolarization of the muscle membrane, resulting in flaccid paralysis without prior fasciculations.

Also: healing muscle relaxant · motor plate Nm receptor antagonist · non-depolarizing muscular paralytic

Selective arterial capacitance vasopressin receptor blocker Compound that prevents the binding of vasopressin to cellular V1a receptors, markedly attenuating the contraction and resistance of the smooth muscle of systemic arteries.

Also: selective vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist · arterial smooth muscle vasopressin blocker · inhibitor of peripheral vasoconstriction by ADH

Insoluble scavenger of phosphorus ions in the intestinal lumen Nonabsorbable inorganic compound that reacts with phosphate from food within the gastrointestinal tract, forming insoluble phosphorus complexes that are excreted in the feces.

Also: digestive phosphate binder · intestinal phosphorus chelator · food phosphate luminal fixative

Zero-order elimination kinetics Biological purification process where the rate of elimination of a substance remains constant and is independent of the amount circulating in the body. It typically occurs when the enzyme or transport systems are saturated by the substance.

Also: constant speed elimination · saturable clearance kinetics · non-linear elimination

First-order elimination kinetics Clearance mechanism in which the elimination rate of an active ingredient is directly proportional to its plasma concentration at each moment. This implies that a fixed percentage of the substance is purified per unit of time.

Also: exponential elimination · linear clearance kinetics · proportional clearance

Michaelis-Menten kinetics Mixed pharmacokinetic behavioral model that describes the transition from first-order to zero-order elimination as levels of a substance increase. It is characteristic of compounds that saturate their transporters or metabolic enzymes at clinical doses.

Also: mixed elimination kinetics · enzymatic saturation purification · Michaelis saturation model

Enterohepatic circulation Continuous cycle in which a compound that has been processed by the liver and excreted through the bile to the intestine is reabsorbed in the enteric mucosa to return to the portal vein. This process prolongs the stay of the active ingredient in the body.

Also: enterohepatic cycle · biliary-intestinal recirculation · bile portal return

Cytochrome P450 Superfamily of enzymes that contain a heme group, responsible for oxidative metabolism and the biotransformation of the vast majority of drugs in the liver and other tissues. Its activity varies according to the genetics of each individual.

Also: CYP · liver microsomal enzymes · cytochrome oxidative complex

Organic complex for urinary elimination of metal cations Chemical compound with multiple functional groups capable of trapping heavy metal ions through stable coordination bonds, facilitating their plasma dissolution and rapid renal excretion.

Also: urinary heavy metal chelator · molecular collector of purification metals · organic detoxifying complexant

Soluble complexant of multivalent cations in blood plasma Organic compound designed to stably trap multiple charged metal cations in the bloodstream, forming water-soluble chelates for rapid purification.

Also: chelator of divalent and trivalent cations · soluble molecular complexant of metals · systemic heavy cation scavenger

Biological complex selective transporter of cytotoxic load Hybrid compound formed by a specific monoclonal antibody linked by a chemical linker to a highly potent cytotoxic substance, allowing the charge to be selectively deposited in the tumor cell.

Also: drug-conjugated monoclonal antibody · ADC · cytotoxic selective transport immunoconjugate

Antimicrobial compound that generates destructive nitro radicals Compound that is activated intracellularly by the reduction systems of anaerobic microorganisms, generating unstable nitrous intermediates that directly destroy DNA.

Also: anaerobic nitroimidazole · generator of DNA-destroying nitro radicals · anaerobic reductive activation pro-drug

Antimalarial compound that releases destructive iron radicals Compound that, when reacting with the iron present in the vacuole of the parasite, undergoes intramolecular cleavage, releasing highly harmful free radicals that damage the Plasmodium proteins.

Also: antiparasitic vacuolar artemisinin · free radical former endoperoxides antimalarial · parasitic molecular destroyer by iron

Inorganic compound that selectively binds potassium in the digestive tract Zirconium silicate molecular structure that selectively captures potassium ions throughout the digestive system in exchange for hydrogen and sodium, quickly eliminating excess potassium.

Also: selective gastrointestinal potassium scavenger · adsorbent molecular zirconium silicate · inorganic enteric potassium binder

Microtubule destabilizing oncological compound Compound that interrupts cell division by associating with cellular tubulin dimers and preventing their polymerization, making the correct formation of the mitotic spindle impossible.

Also: vinca alkaloid · tubulin polymerization inhibitor · mitotic microtubule destabilizer

Pathological microtubule stabilizing oncological compound Compound that blocks the depolymerization and natural retraction of cell spindle microtubules, fixing them abnormally and stopping cell mitotic progression.

Also: mitotic arrest taxane · inhibitor of tubulin depolymerization · dysfunctional cell spindle stabilizer

Selective reversal compound for central respiratory depression Compound that competitively blocks endogenous opiate receptors in the respiratory center of the brainstem, immediately restoring automaticity and ventilatory volume.

Also: respiratory reversing opioid antagonist · reverser of respiratory depression due to opioids · competitive respiratory mu receptor blocker

Somatostatin analogue hormone suppressing compound Synthetic peptide substance that imitates the general inhibitory action of somatostatin, potently reducing the secretion of growth hormone and various digestive hormones.

Also: synthetic somatostatin analogue · growth hormone and enteric peptide inhibitor · somatostatin mimetic

Minimum effective concentration Minimum level of an active ingredient in the blood below which the desired therapeutic effect is not observed in the patient. It serves to guide dosing and ensure that the patient remains protected.

Also: CME · minimum therapeutic threshold · minimum effective level

Minimum toxic concentration Plasma concentration level of a substance above which clinically significant unwanted or harmful effects begin to manifest. Defines the safe upper limit of the dosage of an active ingredient.

Also: systemic toxicity threshold · limiting toxic level

Maximum plasma concentration Value of the highest concentration that an active ingredient reaches in the blood after its peripheral absorption. It is a critical parameter to determine the rate of absorption and the potential risk of exceeding the safety threshold.

Also: Cmax · maximum blood concentration · plasma peak

Equilibrium dissociation constant Concentration of a substance in equilibrium in which exactly half of the total receptors available in a tissue are occupied. It is an inverse measure of the affinity that the substance has for its target.

Also: Kd · inverse affinity constant · molecular dissociation constant

Intravascular purification by affinity to lipid emulsion Life-sustaining treatment that injects neutral lipids into the plasma to generate a circulating lipophilic compartment that traps and sequesters highly fat-soluble compounds away from their tissue targets.

Also: intravenous lipid emulsion infusion therapy · systemic lipid rescue · plasma sequestration of lipophilic substances

Metabolic donor of free nitric oxide Organic compound that after undergoing biotransformation releases nitric oxide molecules, stimulating cellular guanylate cyclase to induce relaxation of venous and coronary smooth muscle.

Also: organic nitrate releasing nitric oxide · NO donor vasodilator · nitric-based vasodilator compound

Effective dose fifty Amount of a substance that is capable of generating the desired therapeutic response in half of the subjects undergoing a trial or treatment. It is a basic comparison parameter in pharmacodynamic studies.

Also: DE50 · mean effective dose · effective concentration fifty population

Lethal dose fifty Estimated amount of a chemical compound or toxin that causes the death of fifty percent of the population of experimental animals under study. It is traditionally used in toxicology to evaluate the acute hazard of a substance.

Also: LD50 · medium lethal dose · lethal concentration fifty experimental

Toxic dose fifty Amount of a substance that triggers a predefined harmful or undesirable effect in half of the individuals receiving the treatment. It is a key indicator to evaluate the safety margin of new compounds.

Also: DT50 · average toxic dose · harmful concentration fifty population

Cellular effector Intracellular protein, channel or enzyme that responds directly to the stimulation of a receptor or a G protein, generating second messengers or altering the potential of the cell membrane. Perform the next step in signal transmission.

Also: effector signal transducer · membrane effector enzyme · downstream intracellular effector

Intrinsic efficacy Quantitative measurement that describes the ability of a complex formed by a substance and its receptor to induce a conformational change and trigger a cellular response. It varies from zero for pure antagonists to one for full agonists.

Also: intrinsic activity · Ariëns alpha factor · receptor biological efficacy

Axonal stabilizer by prolonging sodium channel inactivity Anticonvulsant compound that selectively prolongs the inactive state of voltage-regulated neuronal sodium channels, decreasing the ability to emit rapid repetitive discharges.

Also: antiepileptic sodium channel modulator · voltage-dependent axonal membrane stabilizer · high frequency neural discharge blocker

Stabilizer of the fibrin network by blocking plasmin Compound that reversibly associates with the lysine binding sites on plasminogen and plasmin, preventing the binding and degradation of the fibrin mesh at the site of injury.

Also: molecular antifibrinolytic · fibrin degradation inhibitor · synthetic blood clot stabilizer

Mat cell membrane stabilizer Prophylactic compound that prevents the opening of calcium channels and the consequent degranulation of mast cells, preventing them from releasing histamine and allergy mediators.

Also: mast cell protective chromosome · mast cell degranulation blocker · cellular allergic release inhibitor

Mood stabilizer by modulation of neuronal ion channels Compound that reduces the hyperexcitability of neuronal membranes and modulates excitatory neurotransmitters by blocking sodium and calcium channels in bipolar disorder.

Also: bipolar neuronal membrane stabilizer · cortical ion channel modulator · preventive of bipolar ion channel crises

Distribution equilibrium state Dynamic condition in which the rate of entry of a substance into the bloodstream is equal to its rate of exit or elimination. It allows maintaining constant plasma levels during chronic or prolonged treatments.

Also: steady state · plasma stable state · dynamic kinetic equilibrium

Low-efficacy stimulant of type two dopamine receptors Compound that acts as a partial agonist of D2 receptors, modulating dopamine by slightly activating it in deficient areas and blocking it in areas of excess signaling.

Also: partial agonist of D2 receptors · type two central dopaminergic stabilizer · low-efficiency D2 receptor modulator

Low efficacy stimulant of central nicotinic receptors Compound that couples to brain nicotinic receptors, acting as a partial agonist, relieving nicotine withdrawal symptoms and preventing the pleasurable effect of tobacco.

Also: partial agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors · low-efficacy central nicotinic ligand · partial central nicotinic substitute

Stimulator of megakaryocytic differentiation in bone marrow Compound that binds to and activates the thrombopoietin receptor, stimulating the proliferation of megakaryocytes and netly increasing the production of active platelets.

Also: thrombopoietin receptor agonist · mitochondrial megakaryocytic stimulant · bone marrow thrombopoietin mimetic

Stimulating motility and digestive emptying Compound that facilitates and increases the speed of food transit along the gastrointestinal tract by coordinating and increasing the contractions of enteric smooth muscle.

Also: digestive prokinetic · gastric emptying accelerator · coordinated enteric motility stimulant

Stimulating the production of fluid secretions Substance that reflexively increases the liquid secretion of the bronchial glands by slightly irritating the gastric mucosa or acting directly at the respiratory level, facilitating the expectoration of mucus.

Also: expectorant respiratory reflex · stimulant of bronchial water secretion · facilitator of the elimination of mucus by fluidization

Stimulating water secretion through enteric chloride channels Laxative compound with local action that selectively opens the chloride channels of the apical membrane of intestinal cells, increasing the outflow of fluid and stimulating evacuation.

Also: secretagogue of intestinal chloride channels · CIC-2 chlorine channel activator · enteric mucosal urine secretor stimulant

Stimulant of the receptors of the brain endocannabinoid pathway Compound of plant or synthetic origin that selectively stimulates CB1 and CB2 receptors, modifying pain signals centrally and reducing peripheral inflammation.

Also: cannabinoid receptor agonist · synthetic cannabinoid mimetic · activator of CB1 and CB2 receptors

Smooth muscle beta-two adrenergic receptor stimulant Substance that preferentially activates beta-2 receptors, causing relaxation of bronchial and uterine smooth muscle and the vessels that supply skeletal muscle.

Also: selective beta-2 sympathomimetic · selective beta-2 smooth muscle relaxant · selective beta-2 activator

Direct acting adrenergic receptor stimulant Chemical compound that binds and directly activates the adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system, faithfully imitating the physiological effects of norepinephrine and adrenaline.

Also: direct sympathomimetic · direct acting adrenergic agonist · adrenergic receptor activator

Indirect acting adrenergic receptor stimulant Substance that increases the availability of endogenous norepinephrine in the synapse by promoting its vesicular release, inhibiting its presynaptic reuptake or blocking its metabolic degradation.

Also: indirect sympathomimetic · indirect adrenergic enhancer · presynaptic catecholamine releaser

Direct acting cholinergic receptor stimulant Chemical agent that binds and directly activates muscarinic or nicotinic cholinergic receptors, simulating the physiological actions of acetylcholine in the effector organs.

Also: direct parasympathomimetic · direct acting cholinergic agonist · muscarinic receptor activator

Indirectly acting cholinergic receptor stimulant Substance that increases the half-life and concentration of acetylcholine in all cholinergic synapses through competitive or non-competitive inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

Also: indirect parasympathomimetic · cholinesterase inhibitor · endogenous acetylcholine enhancer

Stimulator of metabotropic GABA-B receptors Compound that activates metabotropic receptors coupled to G proteins of the GABA-B type, inducing a muscle relaxation effect and decreased spasticity.

Also: GABA-B receptor agonist · metabotropic central action muscle relaxant · GABA-B muscle relaxant

Stimulant of vascular and renal vasopressin receptors Compound that mimics the physiological effects of vasopressin by activating V1a receptors to induce arterial vasoconstriction or V2 receptors to promote urinary water retention.

Also: vasopressin agonist · antidiuretic hormone mimetic · Vasopressin receptor activator

Direct stimulant of brain dopamine receptors Compound that couples and activates directly to dopaminergic receptors in the brain, simulating the effects of endogenous dopamine to compensate for its deficiency.

Also: direct dopamine agonist · central dopaminergic mimetic · activator of post-synaptic dopamine receptors

Stimulator that mimics the gastric motilin receptor Compound with a structure similar to erythromycin that directly activates motilin receptors in the gastric antrum, causing vigorous contractions that facilitate stomach emptying.

Also: prokinetic motilin receptor agonist · non-peptide motilin stimulant · motilin gastric contraction accelerator

Neural stimulant inhibitor of dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake Stimulating compound that markedly increases the synaptic concentration of catecholamines in the cerebral cortex by directly blocking the presynaptic transporters DAT and NET.

Also: psychostimulant due to DAT and NET blockade · brain catecholamine reuptake inhibitor · central dopaminergic and noradrenergic enhancer

Peptide stimulant of adrenal glucocorticoid production Synthetic peptide compound that binds to receptors in the adrenal cortex, quickly and powerfully inducing the release of cortisol into the bloodstream.

Also: synthetic corticotropin analogue · stimulant of adrenal cortisol secretion · synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone

Persistent nicotinic neuromuscular helminth stimulant Antiparasitic compound that acts as a persistent agonist at the nematode's cholinergic receptors, causing prolonged intense contraction and spastic paralysis.

Also: neuromuscular depolarizing anthelmintic · nicotinic agonist for spastic contraction helminths · neuromuscular parasite blocker

Prokinetic stimulant for motilin receptor of macrolide origin Compound derived from macrolides that directly stimulates coordinated peristaltic movements of the gastric antrum by binding to the motilin receptor.

Also: non-antibiotic macrolide prokinetic · non-hormonal motilin receptor stimulant · macrolide gastric motility activator

Selective stimulant of melatonin receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus Compound that specifically activates the MT1 and MT2 receptors in the brain, facilitating the onset of sleep by regulating internal circadian rhythms.

Also: melatonin receptor agonist · centrally acting melatonin mimetic · selective melatoninergic sleep inducer

Selective stimulant of angiotensin type two vasodilator receptors Compound with selective action that activates the AT2 receptor, inducing vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective cellular signals opposite to the activation of AT1.

Also: angiotensin AT2 receptor agonist · selective activator of AT2 receptors · Vasodilator stimulant of the AT2 receptor

Selective stimulant of corticotropin secretion by CRH receptor Synthetic peptide compound that selectively stimulates CRH receptors in the pituitary gland, inducing the release of ACTH to diagnose adrenal function.

Also: synthetic corticotropin-releasing hormone analogue · stimulant of pituitary CRH receptors · modulator of ACTH secretion by receptor

Substitute stimulant for nuclear thyroid hormone receptors Synthetic hormonal compound that activates thyroid nuclear receptors, regulating the expression of genes involved in the general metabolic rate and cellular development of the organism.

Also: synthetic replacement thyroid hormone · activator of nuclear thyroxine receptors · synthetic mimetic of thyroid hormones

Non-selective plasma phase fibrinolytic Compound that activates both soluble plasminogen circulating in the blood and that bound to clots, inducing a generalized degradation of coagulation proteins in the plasma.

Also: non-specific systemic thrombolytic · non-selective plasminogen activator · general plasma fibrinogen degrader

Former of hydrophilic channels in fungal membrane Compound that selectively associates with the ergosterol of the fungal membrane, organizing itself into pores or ducts that destroy cell permeability, inducing the release of components and cell lysis.

Also: polyene antifungal · fungal membrane permeability alterer · pore former by affinity to ergosterol

Free drug fraction Portion of an active ingredient that is dissolved in the plasma in isolation and not associated with transport macromolecules. It represents the active component capable of diffusing to tissues and binding to its biological targets.

Also: free circulating drug · unbound active fraction · free plasma portion

P-glycoprotein Energy-dependent active membrane transporter that actively expels various substances and xenobiotics to the outside of cells. It plays a crucial protective role in physiological barriers and can limit the absorption of active ingredients.

Also: gp-P · efflux conveyor ABCB1 · cell efflux pump

Cardiac glucoside sodium-potassium ATPase inhibitor Compound that blocks the Na+/K+-ATPase pump in the membrane of myocardial cells, which increases intracellular calcium, increasing the contraction force of the heart and reducing heart rate.

Also: inotropic digital · inhibitor of the myocardial sodium and potassium pump · cardiotonic glucoside

Glucuronidation Main pathway of phase II metabolism where a molecule of glucuronic acid is transferred to a compound through the action of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes. It converts lipophilic substances into very water-soluble compounds for easy excretion.

Also: conjugation with glucuronic acid · glucuronoconjugation · metabolism by glucuronyltransferase

Enzymatic induction Biological process in which a substance stimulates the synthesis and activity of metabolic enzymes, accelerating the degradation of other compounds or itself. It may cause a loss of therapeutic efficacy of concomitant treatments.

Also: stimulation of microsomal metabolism · increase in enzyme expression · CYP induction

Inducer of contraction and spastic paralysis due to massive influx of calcium Antiparasitic compound that drastically alters the permeability of the cell membrane to calcium in the parasite, forcing a rigid contraction and tissue detachment.

Also: calcium influx-inducing anthelmintic · praziquantel for induction of spastic paralysis · alterator of helminth membrane calcium channels

Halogenated inhalation unconsciousness inducer Volatile and fluorinated liquid compound that, administered via the respiratory route, depresses the central nervous system by potentiating inhibitory potassium channels and GABA-A receptors.

Also: volatile inhalation anesthetic · halogenated hypnotic induction agent · unconsciousness-inducing volatile gas

Intravenous rapid-acting hypnotic inducer Injectable compound that exerts an immediate sedative and hypnotic effect by positively modulating GABA-A receptors in a powerful manner, without providing pain relief properties.

Also: rapid-acting intravenous hypnotic · injectable hypnotic induction agent · fast-acting central GABA-A modulator

Enzymatic inhibition Blocking or decreasing the activity of a metabolic enzyme by a compound, which slows down the biotransformation of other substances that depend on that enzyme. It usually results in an increase in plasma levels and a greater risk of toxicity.

Also: microsomal metabolic blockade · reversible enzymatic deactivation · CYP inhibition

Allosteric inhibitor of HIV type one genome polymerization Antiretroviral compound that associates with an allosteric site close to the active center of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, forcing a conformational change that stops DNA synthesis.

Also: Allosteric ITINA · non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor · HIV allosteric polymerase blocker

Non-competitive allosteric inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase Antiretroviral compound that allosterically inactivates viral DNA replication by reversibly coupling to a site distant from the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

Also: Non-competitive allosteric ITINA · allosteric non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor · spectrum one HIV polymerase allosteric blocker

HIV viral reverse transcription nucleotide analogue inhibitor Antiretroviral compound that has a phosphate group in its structure, requiring fewer phosphorylation steps to incorporate into the replicating viral DNA and terminate the chain.

Also: ITINAt · nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor · phosphorylated nucleotide viral chain terminator

Competitive inhibitor of the enzymatic reduction of folic acid Oncological compound with antimetabolite action that competitively inactivates the eukaryotic dihydrofolate reductase enzyme, interrupting the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.

Also: DHFR antifolate chemotherapy · tumor dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor · metabolic blocker of cellular folate reduction

Competitive inhibitor of tetrahydrofolic acid synthesis Compound that specifically blocks the bacterial dihydrofolate reductase enzyme, stopping the production of active folate cofactors necessary for the synthesis of DNA nucleotides.

Also: antimicrobial antifolate · bacterial dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor · active folate synthesis blocker

Reversible competitive inhibitor of peripheral estrogen synthesis Non-steroidal compound that competitively inactivates the aromatase enzyme in peripheral tissues, notably reducing circulating estrogen levels.

Also: non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor · competitive aromatase blocker · peripheral reversible estrogen synthesis inhibitor

Covalent inhibitor of bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis Compound with a beta-lactam structure that irreversibly inactivates penicillin-binding proteins, preventing the final phase of transpeptidation that gives rigidity to the bacterial wall.

Also: beta-lactam antibiotic · irreversible PBP inhibitor · covalent bacterial cell wall blocker

Lipid biosynthesis inhibitor by blocking squalene synthase Lipid-lowering compound with enzymatic action that inactivates squalene synthase, reducing cholesterol synthesis without altering other intermediates of the mevalonate cellular pathway.

Also: squalene synthase inhibitor · post-mevalonate cholesterol synthesis blocker · farnesyl condensation inhibitor

Potassium active site competitive proton pump inhibitor Reversible gastric antisecretory compound that directly blocks proton transport by competitively binding to the potassium site of the proton pump.

Also: P-CAB immediate action reversible · reversible potassium-competitive proton pump blocker · competitive gastric potassium antisecretor

Inhibitor of gp41 viral envelope fusion structural changes Peptide antiretroviral compound that specifically binds to the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp41, stopping the conformational changes required to fuse the viral membrane with the cell.

Also: HIV membrane fusion inhibitor · viral gp41 blocker · anti-gp41 entry peptide agent

Inhibitor of cytoplasmic methylation enzymes of DNA bases Hypomethylating compound that binds to cellular DNA and irreversibly inactivates DNA methyltransferases, achieving the reactivation of silenced cellular regulatory genes.

Also: DNA hypomethylating agent · DNA methyltransferase inhibitor · epigenetic modulator of genomic methylation

Inhibitor of initial cytoplasmic phases of wall peptidoglycan Antibacterial compound that acts by blocking the MurA enzyme in the cytoplasm of the bacteria, stopping the synthesis of initial precursors of the peptidoglycan of the cell wall.

Also: cytoplasmic inhibitor of bacterial wall synthesis · selective blocker of bacterial MurA · antibiotic inhibitor of initial peptidoglycan biosynthesis

Inhibitor of peptide bond formation in fifty S subunit Compound that associates with the bacterial 50S ribosome and competitively blocks the action of the peptidyltransferase enzyme, preventing the formation of new bacterial peptide bonds.

Also: lincosamide antibiotic · bacterial peptidyltransferase inhibitor · ribosomal amine bond blocker

Type three phosphodiesterase inhibitor with myocardial and vascular tropism Compound that jointly raises cAMP in the heart and blood vessels by inhibiting PDE3, inducing positive inotropism and concurrent peripheral vasodilation.

Also: selective inhibitor of cardiac phosphodiesterase three · contractile stimulant and vasodilator by PDE3

Xanthine-type phosphodiesterase inhibitor Alkaloid compound that non-selectively inhibits phosphodiesterase enzymes and blocks adenosine receptors, promoting relaxation of respiratory smooth muscles and exerting a mild anti-inflammatory effect.

Also: xanthine structure bronchodilator · xanthine smooth muscle relaxation · non-selective inhibitor of respiratory phosphodiesterases

Inhibitor of calcineurin-mediated lymphocyte activation Compound that binds to intracellular immunophilin proteins, inhibiting the phosphatase activity of calcineurin, which blocks the transcription of interleukin-2, essential for activating T lymphocytes.

Also: calcineurin inhibitor · blocker of early T cell signaling · calcineurin immunoregulator

P2Y12 blocker platelet aggregation inhibitor Compound that irreversibly or reversibly blocks the nicotinic adenosine diphosphate receptor on platelets, preventing their activation and subsequent aggregation at the site of vascular damage.

Also: platelet P2Y12 blocker · platelet ADP receptor antagonist · selective inhibitor of platelet aggregation

Inhibitor of aggregation due to increased cyclic nucleotides Compound that inhibits specific phosphodiesterase enzymes or increases the production of prostaglandins in platelets, raising the levels of cAMP or cGMP to stabilize the platelet membrane.

Also: antiaggregant by cyclic nucleotides · phosphodiesterase platelet stabilizer · inhibitor of platelet activation by cAMP

Renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor Compound that decreases the proximal reabsorption of sodium bicarbonate and water by blocking the carbonic anhydrase enzyme, inducing a mild alkaline diuresis.

Also: proximal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor · renal bicarbonate depletor · weak proximal diuretic

Inhibitor of bacterial biosynthesis of the precursor metabolite of folates Antibacterial compound that acts as a structural analogue of PABA by competitively blocking bacterial dihydropteroate synthase to prevent the initial production of folic acid.

Also: antibacterial sulfonamide of folate synthesis · bacterial dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor

Inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis Compound that selectively blocks the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase of arachidonic acid, preventing the intracellular formation of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes in the immune cells of the respiratory tract.

Also: 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor · blocker of inflammatory leukotriene synthesis · leukotriene enzyme inhibitor

Gastric proton pump inhibitor Compound that binds covalently and irreversibly to the H+/K+-ATPase enzyme of the parietal cell of the stomach, suppressing the secretion of hydrochloric acid for a long time.

Also: IBP · proton pump inhibitor · irreversible gastric pump antisecretory

Inhibitor of the adrenal steroidogenesis enzymatic cascade Compound that directly blocks cytochrome P450 enzymes in the adrenal gland, interrupting the synthesis of cortisol and other steroid hormones.

Also: adrenal steroidogenesis blocker · adrenal enzyme inhibitor · cortisol production blocker

Inhibitor of peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogens Compound that stops estrogen synthesis by selectively blocking the aromatase enzyme, which is responsible for transforming androgen precursors into estrogenic hormones in peripheral tissues.

Also: aromatase inhibitor · estrogen synthesis blocker · peripheral aromatase inactivator

Cardiac pacemaker current inhibitor Compound that selectively decreases heartbeat frequency by blocking ion channels activated by hyperpolarization in the sinus node, without affecting the contractile force of the heart.

Also: sinus current blocker · selective sinus bradycardia · sinus node HCN channel inhibitor

Inhibitor of cardiac repolarization potassium current Class III compound that prolongs the overall duration of the action potential and the refractory period of the heart by blocking potassium channels involved in the cellular repolarization phase.

Also: class three antiarrhythmic · prolonger of cardiac repolarization · cardiac rectifier potassium channel blocker

Inhibitor of lysosomal degradation of LDL receptors Monoclonal antibody that binds to the PCSK9 protein, preventing it from degrading LDL cellular receptors, which facilitates massive uptake and reduction of circulating cholesterol.

Also: anti-PCSK9 antibody · proprotein convertase subtilisin inhibitor · LDL receptor degradation blocker

Levodopa peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor Substance that specifically prevents the conversion of levodopa into dopamine outside the brain, significantly reducing side effects and increasing the availability of the precursor in brain tissue.

Also: peripheral dopa decarboxylase inhibitor · peripheral L-dopa decarboxylation blocker

Inhibitor of rapid depolarization by AMPA receptor blockade Compound that selectively blocks postsynaptic AMPA-type glutamate receptors, directly reducing rapid excitatory signals involved in seizures.

Also: AMPA receptor antagonist · non-NMDA glutamate receptor blocker · inhibitor of rapid excitatory transmission by AMPA

Inhibitor of the elimination of acetyl groups from histone proteins Antineoplastic epigenetic compound that inactivates histone deacetylases, causing greater chromatin relaxation and favoring the expression of tumor suppressor genes.

Also: HDAC inhibitor · epigenetic modulator of histone deacetylation · histone epigenetic antineoplastic

Inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase that degrades vasoactive peptides Enzymatic action compound that selectively inactivates neprilysin, increasing the levels and effects of protective endogenous natriuretic peptides.

Also: neutral membrane endopeptidase inhibitor

Fungal fourteen alpha demethylase enzyme inhibitor Compound that prevents the production of ergosterol from the fungal membrane by selectively inhibiting the cytochrome P450-dependent enzyme necessary for the processing of sterols in the fungus.

Also: azole antifungal · fungal 14-alpha demethylase inhibitor · blocker of membrane ergosterol synthesis

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor Compound that stops the formation of angiotensin II and slows down the degradation of bradykinins, inducing generalized vasodilation and a reduction in aldosterone secretion.

Also: IECA · angiotensin dipeptidase inhibitor · angiotensin II synthesis blocker

Inhibitor of the peripheral activation enzyme of thyroid hormones Compound that interrupts the conversion in peripheral tissues of the thyroid hormone thyroxine into its active form triiodothyronine by inhibiting the enzyme deiodinase.

Also: peripheral deiodinase inhibitor · blocker of peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 · reducer of thyroid hormone tissue activation

Dopamine peripheral degradation enzyme inhibitor Compound that blocks the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase in the periphery, decreasing the metabolism of levodopa and increasing the amount that can penetrate the brain.

Also: COMT inhibitor · catechol-O-methyltransferase blocker · peripheral levodopa enhancer

Mycobacterium lipid wall elongation enzyme inhibitor Selective antituberculous compound that inhibits the enzymes of the bacterial mitochondrial fatty synthase complex, preventing the normal conformation of long-chain fatty acids.

Also: mycobacterial desaturase inhibitor · blocker of lipid synthesis of the mycobacterial wall · antituberculous fatty acid elongation inhibitor

De novo purine synthesis enzyme inhibitor Compound that selectively decreases the production of guanine nucleotides by inhibiting inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, blocking the mitotic replication of active lymphocytes.

Also: inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor · de novo purine synthesis blocker · immunosuppressant of B and T cell replication

Anaerobic electron transfer enzyme inhibitor Antiparasitic compound that interrupts the energy metabolism of the parasite by selectively blocking the cellular enzyme pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase.

Also: parasitic PFOR inhibitor · anaerobic electron transfer blocker · molecular amoebicide of the PFOR pathway

Dipeptidyl peptidase four enzyme inhibitor Compound that prolongs the half-life of endogenous incretin hormones by blocking the enzyme responsible for degrading them, reflexively improving pancreatic insulin secretion.

Also: DPP-4 inhibitor · endogenous incretin enhancer · antidiabetic gliptin

Fungal squalene epoxidase enzyme inhibitor Early-acting compound that blocks fungal squalene epoxidase, preventing the initial processing of sterols and causing the intracellular accumulation of toxic lipid precursors.

Also: antifungal allylamine · squalene epoxidase inhibitor · primary fungal ergosterol pathway blocker

Phosphodiesterase three inhibitor Compound that prevents the degradation of cAMP in the heart and blood vessels, inducing a positive inotropic effect and simultaneous arterial and venous vasodilation.

Also: selective PDE3 inodilator · inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide degradation in myocardium · vascular PDE3 blocker

Inhibitor of digestive hydrolysis of triglycerides Luminal action compound that binds reversibly to the active site of gastric and intestinal lipase enzymes, blocking the digestion and absorption of ingested fats.

Also: pancreatic lipase inhibitor · fat absorption enzyme blocker · luminal lipid absorption reducer

Inhibitor of the integration of the viral genome in the cell Antiretroviral compound that inactivates the HIV integrase enzyme, preventing the processed viral genetic material from fusing covalently with the genome of the host cell.

Also: HIV integrase inhibitor · viral genomic strand transfer blocker · viral chromosome insertion inhibitor

Inhibitor of the release and exit of viral particles Antiviral compound that selectively blocks the neuraminidase enzyme of the influenza viral envelope, preventing the newly formed virus from detaching and disseminating to other cells.

Also: viral neuraminidase inhibitor · influenza viral dispersion blocker · virion release inhibitor

Inhibitor of viral polyprotein maturation Highly specific compound that inactivates the viral protease enzyme, making it impossible to cleave and process the protein precursor fragments required to structure a mature and infectious virus.

Also: viral protease inhibitor · polyprotein maturation blocker · agent that prevents infectious virion assembly

Natriuretic peptide-degrading metalloendopeptidase inhibitor Compound that inactivates the enzyme neprilysin, prolonging the half-life of endogenous natriuretic peptides to promote vasodilatory, diuretic and cardiac protective effects.

Also: neprilysin inhibitor · natriuretic peptide degradation blocker · neutral endopeptidase inhibitor

Active endothelin synthesis metalloprotease inhibitor Compound that selectively blocks the enzyme responsible for processing the inactive precursor of endothelin into endothelin-1, reducing cellular vasoconstrictor tone.

Also: ECE inhibitor · endothelin-converting enzyme blocker · inhibitor of vasoconstrictor endothelin synthesis

Inhibitor of matrix degradation bacterial metalloproteinase Selective action compound that competitively inhibits metalloproteinase enzymes produced by bacteria, preventing them from destroying the host's tissue collagen.

Also: bacterial matrix metalloproteinase blocker · bacterial collagenase inhibitor · tissue protector against bacterial enzymes

Inhibitor of cellular genomic methylation by DNA methyltransferases Antineoplastic compound that is incorporated into cellular genetic material and irreversibly inactivates DNA methyltransferases, reactivating tumor suppressor genes.

Also: nucleoside DNA hypomethylating agent · epigenetic modulator of tumor genomic methylation

Full-spectrum and irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor Compound that covalently and irreversibly inactivates the enzymes MAO-A and MAO-B, massively increasing the total content of all catecholamines in brain tissue.

Also: non-selective irreversible MAO inhibitor · total inactivator of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase · irreversible broad-spectrum MAO antidepressant

Inhibitor of tubulin polymerization of nematode cells Antiparasitic compound that binds with high selectivity to the beta-tubulin of the nematode, preventing the assembly of microtubules and stopping the parasite's mitochondrial glucose uptake.

Also: benzimidazole from nematodes · helminth microtubule inhibitor · nematode tubulin glucose uptake blocker

Inhibitor of the production of toxic hepatic metabolites Compound that competitively blocks oxidative liver enzymes, preventing them from transforming a low-toxic substance into a highly destructive secondary metabolite for the body.

Also: competitive blocker of toxic metabolism · antidotic enzyme inhibitor · hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor

Inhibitor of cell cycle progression in G-one to S phase Oncological compound that selectively inhibits the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6, preventing tumor cells from progressing from the preparation phase to DNA duplication.

Also: CDK4/6 inhibitor · type four and six cyclin-dependent kinase blocker · regulator of the tumor cell cycle by CDK

Proliferation inhibitor by blocking mTOR kinase Compound that selectively inactivates the target protein kinase of rapamycin in mammalian cells, blocking cell growth mediated by growth factors and interleukins.

Also: mTOR inhibitor · mTOR cell growth signal blocker · cellular antiproliferative immunosuppressant

Five lipoxygenase-activating scaffolding protein inhibitor Molecular action compound that interrupts the synthesis of leukotrienes by specifically binding to the cellular FLAP protein, preventing 5-lipoxygenase from associating with the membrane.

Also: FLAP inhibitor · 5-lipoxygenase activating protein blocker · molecular inhibitor of leukotriene synthesis by FLAP

T cell early signal translation kinase inhibitor Compound that selectively inactivates the Lck kinase, preventing the intracellular phosphorylation cascade that is triggered after the recognition of the antigen by the T lymphocyte.

Also: Lck kinase inhibitor · T cell signal translation blocker · specific immunosuppressant of T lymphocyte kinases

Inorganic phosphate reabsorption inhibitor in the proximal tubule Compound that selectively decreases renal phosphate uptake by blocking sodium-phosphate transporters in the membrane of the proximal tubule of the kidney.

Also: proximal sodium-phosphate cotransport inhibitor · proximal selective action phosphaturic · renal blocker of the NaPi-2a transporter

Inhibitor of chlorine reuptake and neuronal salt cotransport Compound that modulates intracellular chlorine ionic gradients in cells of the nervous system by selectively inhibiting the NKCC1 transporter.

Also: neuronal NKCC1 inhibitor · brain sodium potassium chlorine cotransport blocker · modulator of cortical chloride gradients

Inhibitor of genomic repair by DNA single-strand breaks Antineoplastic compound that selectively inactivates the PARP enzyme, preventing the cell from repairing simple DNA breaks and forcing its death due to synthetic lethality if it has a BRCA mutation.

Also: PARP inhibitor · enzymatic blocker of DNA repair by ADP-ribose polymerase · synthetic lethality inducer by PARP

Inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking the cytochrome complex Compound that interrupts the transfer of electrons in the parasite by specifically binding to the mitochondrial cytochrome b-c-one complex, destroying its energy potential.

Also: antiprotozoal respiratory chain inhibitor · parasitic cytochrome b-c-1 complex blocker · selective parasitic mitochondrial inhibitor

Inhibitor of de novo cytoplasmic synthesis of guanosine nucleotides Immunosuppressive compound that reversibly inactivates the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, blocking the production of essential purine nucleotides in immune cells.

Also: IMPDH inhibitor · blocker of cytoplasmic purine synthesis · selective de novo guanosine depletor in T and B cells

Inhibitor of bacterial RNA synthesis by polymerase Compound that suppresses the production of messenger RNA by specifically binding to the beta subunit of the bacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, stopping the viability of the pathogen.

Also: antibacterial ansamycin · bacterial RNA polymerase inhibitor · bacterial DNA-dependent transcriptional blocker

Inhibitor of the synthesis of specific lipids of mycobacteria Compound that blocks the biosynthesis of essential mycolic acids that make up the cell wall of mycobacteria, causing the loss of cell viability and integrity.

Also: inhibitor of mycolic acid synthesis · mycobacterial wall antituberculosis · Mycobacterium lipid elongation blocker

Inhibitor of fungal wall polymer synthesis Compound that interrupts the formation of the protective wall of the fungus by selectively blocking the enzyme beta-1,3-glucan synthase, leaving the cellular structure prone to osmotic lysis.

Also: echinocandin · fungal beta-glucan synthase inhibitor · fungal wall structural synthesis blocker

Inhibitor of thyroid peroxidase hormone synthesis Compound that blocks the uptake and incorporation of iodine into thyroglobulin by inactivating the thyroid peroxidase enzyme, netly decreasing the production of hormones by the thyroid gland.

Also: antithyroid thionamide · thyroid peroxidase inhibitor · synthetic thyroid hormone blocker

Inhibitor of genomic transcription by blocking CDK nine Experimental and clinical antineoplastic compound that specifically blocks the CDK9 kinase, interrupting the transcription of cell survival genes in the tumor.

Also: CDK9 inhibitor · CDK9 cell cycle transcriptional blocker · antineoplastic regulator of CDK9 transcription

Inhibitor of the enzymatic transformation of testosterone Compound that selectively stops the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone by inactivating the enzyme 5-alpha-reductase, markedly reducing the stimulus on the prostate gland.

Also: 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor · prostatic androgen conversion blocker · dihydrotestosterone synthesis inhibitor

Inhibitor of ribosomal translocation in fifty S subunit Compound that prevents the translocation phase of bacterial protein growth by specifically binding to the 23S RNA fraction of the 50S ribosome, stopping the elongation of the protein.

Also: macrolide antibiotic · inhibitor of ribosomal elongation in the 50S subunit · 50S subunit translocation blocker

Inhibitor of the arousal pathway through orexin receptors Compound to combat insomnia that selectively blocks orexin type one and two receptors, directly turning off the alert or wakefulness system of the brain.

Also: orexin receptor antagonist · dual orexin inhibitor · sleep promoter by blocking the wake system

Inhibitor of bacterial DNA coiling enzymes Chemotherapeutic compound that destroys bacteria by blocking type II and IV topoisomerase enzymes, causing the breakdown of the bacterial genome and making cell replication impossible.

Also: fluoroquinolone antibiotic · bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitor · bacterial topoisomerase blocker

Hepatitis C replication non-structural protein inhibitor Direct acting antiviral compound that specifically inactivates the NS3/4A, NS5A or NS5B proteins, completely preventing the replication and assembly of the virus.

Also: direct acting antiviral for hepatitis C · hepatitis C NS5B polymerase inhibitor · NS5A viral replication complex blocker

Mitotic chromosome segregation kinase inhibitor Small molecule antineoplastic compound that selectively blocks the phosphorylation of cellular proteins mediated by Aurora family kinases, stopping mitosis.

Also: Aurora kinase inhibitor · mitotic chromosome segregation blocker · cell nuclear division antineoplastic

Brain glycine transporter type one reuptake inhibitor Glutamatergic modulating compound that selectively blocks the GlyT1 transporter in the brain, increasing synaptic glycine that helps activate NMDA receptors.

Also: GlyT1 inhibitor · presynaptic glycine transporter type one blocker · NMDA receptor enhancer by glycine

Inhibitor of cytokine signaling via Janus kinases Compound that selectively blocks intracellular JAK kinase enzymes, preventing external inflammatory cytokine signals from reaching the nucleus and modifying transcription.

Also: JAK inhibitor · intracellular JAK-STAT signaling blocker · immunomodulator by blocking Janus kinases

Inhibitor of de novo synthesis of pyrimidines of autoimmune lymphocytes Immune modulation compound that selectively blocks the enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, stopping the clonal proliferation of lymphocytes active in autoimmune diseases.

Also: immune DHODH blocker · immune dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor · de novo selective pyrimidine immunosuppressant

Inhibitor of pyrimidine synthesis by dihydroorotate dehydrogenase Immune modulation compound that selectively blocks the mitochondrial enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, stopping the biosynthesis of pyrimidines necessary for the proliferation of T lymphocytes.

Also: dihydroorotate dehydrogenase blocker · inhibitor of de novo synthesis of pyrimidines · antipyrimidine immunomodulator

Fibroblast growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor Antineoplastic compound that inactivates the catalytic domain of FGFR receptors, blocking the associated tumor cell growth and angiogenesis signals.

Also: FGFR inhibitor · FGFR receptor tyrosine kinase blocker · selective anti-FGFR chemotherapy

Inhibitor of the active transcription channel of bacterial RNA polymerase Antibiotic compound that specifically stops the synthesis of messenger RNA in bacteria by selectively binding to the active transcription channel of its cellular RNA polymerase.

Also: bacterial RNA polymerase transcription channel blocker · bacterial transcription polymerase inhibitor · antibiotic that stops bacterial channel RNA synthesis

Inhibitor of DNA double-strand cutting complex Cytotoxic compound that specifically blocks the topoisomerase II enzyme, preventing it from repairing and sealing double-stranded cuts in cellular DNA during genomic replication.

Also: topoisomerase type two inhibitor · anthracycline blocking topoisomerase II · stabilizer of DNA double-strand breaks by topoisomerase II

Inhibitor of the cellular protein degradation enzyme complex Antineoplastic compound that reversibly inactivates the cell's 26S proteasome, preventing the degradation of regulatory proteins of apoptosis and forcing the death of tumor cells.

Also: proteasome inhibitor · blocker of protein degradation by proteasome · chemotherapeutic proteasomal complex inhibitor

Inhibitor of the renal apical sodium and phosphate cotransporter type two to Proximal-acting compound that blocks the renal NaPi-2a transporter, forcing a large elimination of phosphates in the urine of patients with hyperphosphatemia.

Also: renal NaPi-2a inhibitor · cotransport renal phosphate depletor · proximal renal phosphate blocker type two to

Sodium-glucose cotransporter type two inhibitor Compound that blocks the SGLT2 transporter in the renal proximal tubule, inducing the selective urinary elimination of glucose and sodium, which decreases blood sugar levels.

Also: specific glucosuric · renal SGLT2 inhibitor · proximal glucose reabsorption blocker

Inhibitor of the apical intestinal sodium and bile salt cotransporter Compound that selectively inactivates the ASBT transporter in the mucosa of the terminal ileum, reducing the active reabsorption of bile salts and forcing the degradation of hepatic cholesterol.

Also: apical ASBT blocker of ileal mucosa · inhibitor of active colonic reabsorption of bile salts · enteric bile acid pool depletion due to ASBT blockade

Inhibitor of sodium chlorine cotransport in the distal tubule Compound that inhibits the Na+/Cl- transporter in the renal distal convoluted tubule, promoting a moderate and sustained loss of sodium and water.

Also: distal tubular sodium depletor · thiazide diuretic · distal salt cotransport inhibitor

Inhibitor of sodium potassium chlorine cotransport in the loop of Henle Highly efficient excretory compound that blocks the Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter in the ascending portion of the loop of Henle, forcing a large urinary elimination of sodium, chlorine and water.

Also: Henle loop salt depletor · loop cotransport inhibitor · high power urinary excretor

Inhibitor of the first step of bacterial folate synthesis Compound analogous to paraaminobenzoic acid that competitively inhibits the bacterial dihydropteroate synthase enzyme, interrupting the initial synthesis of folic acid.

Also: antibacterial sulfonamide · dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor · competitive bacterial PABA blocker

Platelet glycoprotein receptor inhibitor two b three a Compound that competitively blocks the final receptor on the surface of platelets, preventing the binding of fibrinogen molecules and preventing platelet aggregation.

Also: platelet integrin blocker · GP IIb/IIIa antagonist · inhibitor of platelet coupling by fibrinogen

Inhibitor of the apical active phosphate transporter in enteric mucosa Compound that acts at the luminal level by selectively blocking the active sodium-phosphate cotransporter type IIb in the intestine, reducing the absorption of dietary phosphorus.

Also: enteric NaPi-2b inhibitor · intestinal phosphate transporter blocker · active digestive phosphate absorption reducer

Inhibitor of the active transporter of bile salts in the ileal mucosa Selective action compound that blocks the ASBT transporter, preventing the active reabsorption of bile acids at the end of the ileum, reducing the bile pool and cholesterol.

Also: ileal mucosal ASBT blocker · inhibitor of ileal recirculation of bile salts · depleter of the distal mucosa bile acid pool

Ileal active bile acid transporter inhibitor Compound that selectively blocks the ASBT transporter at the end of the small intestine, forcing fecal excretion of bile acids and forcing the liver to consume circulating cholesterol.

Also: ileal ASBT inhibitor · ileal bile salt reuptake blocker · bile acid pool reducer

Serotonin neuronal reuptake transporter inhibitor Compound that selectively blocks the presynaptic serotonin transporter, increasing the residence time and concentration of this neurotransmitter in the brain synapse space.

Also: SSRI · selective SERT inhibitor · selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Inhibitor of the presynaptic glycine uptake transporter Compound that increases the permanence of synaptic glycine by specifically inhibiting the transporters responsible for reabsorbing this inhibitory and coagonist neurotransmitter.

Also: glycine reuptake inhibitor · GlyT transporter blocker · glycine synaptic enhancer by transporter

Inhibitor of the presynaptic GABA reuptake transporter Compound that increases the permanence and effect of GABA in brain synapses by selectively inhibiting the GAT-1 transporter responsible for removing this inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Also: GABA reuptake inhibitor · GAT-1 blocker · presynaptic GABA synaptic enhancer

Direct renin inhibitor Compound that competitively blocks the enzymatic activity of renin, preventing the first limiting step of the angiotensin and aldosterone system cascade.

Also: IDR · blocker of renin enzymatic activity · initial inhibitor of the pressor cascade

Direct thrombin inhibitor Substance that binds selectively and directly to the active site of free and clot-bound thrombin, blocking the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin.

Also: free thrombin inhibitor · anti-IIa direct antithrombotic agent · factor two blocker activated

Direct factor ten inhibitor activated Substance that selectively and reversibly blocks the catalytic activity of factor Xa in the coagulation cascade, directly preventing the massive generation of thrombin.

Also: direct factor Xa inhibitor · anti-Xa direct oral antithrombotic agent · factor ten blocker activated

Dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor Compound that increases the synaptic concentration of serotonin and norepinephrine by simultaneously and selectively blocking their presynaptic transporters in the nervous system.

Also: SNRI · dual antidepressant · dual SERT and NET inhibitor

Enzymatic inhibitor of the degradation of natural endocannabinoids Compound that prolongs the presence and protective action of cannabinoids in the body by selectively blocking the enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase or monoacylglycerol lipase.

Also: FAAH inhibitor · endocannabinoid degradation blocker · endogenous cannabinoid tone enhancer

Enzymatic inhibitor of carbohydrate digestion Compound that delays and reduces the absorption of sugars by reversibly blocking the enzymes of the intestinal microvilli that break down complex carbohydrates into glucose.

Also: enteric alpha-glucosidase inhibitor · starch absorption blocker · intestinal sucrase and maltase inhibitor

Specific inhibitor of cGMP degradation in pulmonary and erectile vessels Compound that selectively inactivates the enzyme phosphodiesterase type five, prolonging the vasodilatory effects of cGMP in local smooth muscle.

Also: enhancer of the nitric oxide pathway by selective PDE5

Specific inhibitor of the alpha isoform of topoisomerase type two Cytotoxic antineoplastic compound that selectively blocks the alpha isoform of topoisomerase II, which is greatly overexpressed in solid tumor tissues.

Also: selective topoisomerase II alpha inhibitor · topoisomerase II alpha blocking antineoplastic agent · specific chemotherapy for mitotic phase II alpha

Stabilizing inhibitor of the single-strand DNA cutting complex Antineoplastic compound that acts by binding to the intermediate complex of the enzyme topoisomerase I and DNA, preventing the broken strand from being resealed, inducing lethal breaks in the cellular genome.

Also: type one topoisomerase inhibitor · stabilizer of the DNA cleavage complex by topoisomerase I · active camptothecin

Reversible gastric inhibitor by competitive binding at the potassium site New generation gastric antisecretory compound that blocks the proton pump by binding directly to the active site of potassium in a reversible and instantaneous manner.

Also: P-CAB oral reversible · gastric mucosa potassium competitive acid blocker · reversible proton pump inhibitor

Irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Substance that forms an extremely stable covalent bond with the active site of cholinesterase, nullifying its ability to degrade acetylcholine indefinitely until the synthesis of a new enzyme.

Also: irreversible anticholinesterase · organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor · covalent acetylcholinesterase inactivator

Irreversible inhibitor of the thirty S ribosomal subunit Compound that binds with high affinity and irreversibly to the bacterial 30S ribosome, causing erroneous readings of the messenger RNA and completely stopping protein synthesis.

Also: aminoglycoside antibiotic · irreversible 30S ribosome blocker · bacterial mistranslation inducer

Irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase Antiepileptic compound that blocks the catabolic degradation of GABA by permanently inactivating the mitochondrial enzyme responsible for processing it, permanently raising its neuronal concentrations.

Also: GABA-T inhibitor · GABA transaminase inactivator · GABA catabolism enhancer

Non-selective irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor Compound that covalently and irreversibly inactivates the mitochondrial enzymes MAO-A and MAO-B, causing a prolonged elevation of all neurotransmitter monoamines in the nervous system.

Also: Irreversible non-selective MAOI · covalent inactivator of total monoamine oxidase · irreversible MAO inhibitor antidepressant

Irreversible inhibitor due to suicidal binding to estrogen synthesis enzyme Steroidal compound that binds covalently and irreversibly to the aromatase enzyme in peripheral tissues, permanently inactivating it to reduce estrogen synthesis.

Also: steroidal aromatase inhibitor · suicidal aromatase inactivator · peripheral irreversible estrogen synthesis blocker

Limiting inhibitor of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis Compound that competitively blocks the enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, inducing a secondary increase in LDL receptors on the surface of the liver.

Also: statin · HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor · blocker of hepatic cholesterol synthesis

Luminal inhibitor of lipid-decomposing digestive enzymes Compound with topical intestinal action that blocks the lipases of the stomach and pancreas, reducing the hydrolysis of ingested triglycerides to prevent their absorption.

Also: enzymatic blocker of digestive lipases · gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor · long chain triglyceride absorption reducer

Nucleoside inhibitor of hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase An analogous antiviral compound that selectively blocks the replication of the virus's DNA genome by competitively inhibiting the viral polymerase and reverse transcriptase.

Also: HBV polymerase inhibitor · analog antiviral for hepatitis B · nucleoside blocker of hepatitis B genomic replication

Reversible broad-spectrum peptidyltransferase inhibitor Compound with a phenolic structure that selectively and reversibly inactivates the active center of the bacterial peptidyltransferase in the 50S ribosomal subunit, stopping protein synthesis.

Also: amphenicol-type spectrum antibiotic · phenolic inhibitor of protein synthesis · ribosomal peptidyltransferase enzyme blocker

Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor Compound that temporarily associates with the active center of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, blocking the degradation of acetylcholine for a limited and reversible period of time.

Also: reversible anticholinesterase · temporary cholinesterase inhibitor · transient acetylcholine enhancer

Reversible inhibitor of the thirty S ribosomal subunit Compound that temporarily blocks the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the acceptor site of the bacterial 30S ribosome, stopping the incorporation of new amino acids into the growing protein.

Also: tetracycline antibiotic · reversible 30S ribosome inhibitor · bacteriostatic 30S ribosomal receptor blocker

Reversible inhibitor by covalent binding to the carbamyl active site Compound with a carbamic structure that is transiently associated with acetylcholinesterase, blocking the degradation of acetylcholine in a self-regulated time frame.

Also: reversible carbamic anticholinesterase · reversible carbamylating cholinesterase inhibitor · acetylcholine enhancer by carbamylation

Selective inhibitor of inflammatory cAMP nucleotide degradation Anti-inflammatory compound that selectively inhibits phosphodiesterase type four in cells of the respiratory and immune system, increasing cAMP levels and preventing inflammation.

Also: PDE-4 inhibitor · immune cell phosphodiesterase type four blocker · selective anti-inflammatory by PDE-4

Selective inhibitor of cellular cGMP degradation Compound that prolongs the vasodilator effect of nitric oxide by selectively blocking the phosphodiesterase type five enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing cGMP in pulmonary vessels and erectile tissues.

Also: PDE-5 inhibitor · cGMP degradation blocker by phosphodiesterase five · enhancer of the nitric oxide pathway by PDE5

Selective inhibitor of the enzyme monoamine oxidase type B Compound that specifically blocks the mitochondrial enzyme MAO-B, preventing the selective enzymatic degradation of dopamine within brain synapses.

Also: selective MAO-B inhibitor · blocker of intracerebral dopamine degradation · selective MAO-B antiparkinsonian

Selective inhibitor of the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase Anti-inflammatory compound designed to specifically block the enzyme cyclooxygenase type two at sites of injury, reducing inflammatory prostaglandins without compromising stomach protection.

Also: COX-2 selective coxib · selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase type two · anti-inflammatory protector of gastric mucosa

Selective monoamine oxidase type A inhibitor Compound that reversibly blocks the mitochondrial enzyme responsible for degrading serotonin and norepinephrine in neurons, increasing the intracellular availability of these monoamines.

Also: IMAO-A · reversible MAO-A inhibitor · stimulant of the synaptic reserve of serotonin and norepinephrine

Selective inhibitor of cellular oncogenic ALK fusion kinase Small molecule antineoplastic compound that competitively inactivates signaling mediated by the tumor ALK fusion protein, stopping cell growth.

Also: selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor ALK · targeted therapy of oncogenic ALK fusion kinases · ALK tyrosine kinase blocker

Selective anaplastic lymphoma fusion kinase inhibitor Small molecule antineoplastic compound that specifically inactivates the oncogenic protein tyrosine kinase ALK in the cell membrane of certain lung tumors.

Also: selective ALK inhibitor · ALK fusion oncogenic tyrosine kinase blocker · targeted ALK fusion kinase therapy

Selective inhibitor of signal translocation by Janus type two kinase Small molecule compound that specifically blocks the cellular activation of JAK2 kinase, modulating the clonal proliferation of cells of the hematopoietic system.

Also: selective JAK2 inhibitor · Janus type two kinase blocker · JAK2 selective immunomodulator and antineoplastic agent

Selective inhibitor of the active ileal transporter of bile salts Nonabsorbable compound that acts locally by blocking the bile acid transporter in the mucosa of the terminal ileum, increasing its excretion and reducing the bile pool.

Also: selective ileal ASBT blocker · terminal ileum bile recirculation inhibitor · selective bile acid depletor of ileal mucosa

Selective inhibitor of the presynaptic dopamine transporter Compound that selectively increases dopamine concentrations in the synaptic extracellular space of the brain by blocking its reuptake transporter DAT.

Also: selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor · DAT blocker · selective dopaminergic reuptake enhancer

Selective inhibitor of the presynaptic norepinephrine transporter Compound that selectively raises norepinephrine levels in brain synapses by blocking the NET transporter involved in its reuptake.

Also: selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor · NET blocker · Brain SNRI

Selective inhibitor of the sympathetic presynaptic norepinephrine transporter Compound that blocks the NET reuptake transporter, netly increasing the concentration of norepinephrine in the synapses of the central and peripheral sympathetic nervous system.

Also: NET transporter blocker · selective peripheral norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor · presynaptic selective noradrenergic enhancer

Therapeutic interval Range of concentrations of a substance in the bloodstream that is associated with a favorable clinical effect and a minimum of adverse reactions. It is located between the minimum effective concentration and the minimum toxic concentration.

Also: therapeutic range · cellular security window · plasma safety margin

Intestinal osmotic retention laxative Difficult to absorb solute that passively drags water molecules into the intestinal lumen due to an osmotic concentration gradient, softening fecal stools.

Also: colonic osmotic retention agent · luminal osmotic laxative · colon osmotic water depletor

Colonic volume-forming laxative Substance composed of hydrophilic polymers of plant origin that retain water and expand within the colon, naturally increasing the volume of feces and stimulating intestinal movement.

Also: mass laxative · hydrophilic therapeutic fiber · fecal volume laxative

Laxative for stimulation of enteric plexuses Compound that directly irritates the mucosal wall or stimulates the nerve endings of the myenteric plexus in the colon, forcing intense peristaltic contractions and fecal elimination.

Also: contact stimulant laxative · colonic contact purgative · myenteric colonic irritant

Nuclear transcription ligand activator of PPAR-alpha Compound that stimulates specific nuclear receptors to induce greater lipoprotein lipase activity, potently accelerating the elimination and degradation of blood triglycerides.

Also: lipide-lowering fibrote · PPAR-alpha agonist · modulator of nuclear triglyceride metabolism

PPAR-gamma activating nuclear transcription ligand Compound that binds to specific nuclear receptors, promoting the expression of genes that facilitate the transport and peripheral uptake of glucose by fat and muscle cells.

Also: glitazone · peripheral insulin sensitizer · selective PPAR-gamma agonist

Calcium channel accessory subunit cellular trafficking regulatory ligand Compound that couples to the alpha-2-delta subunit of the neuron's voltage-gated calcium channels, decreasing the release of pain neurotransmitters.

Also: calcium channel protein alpha-2-delta ligand · neural alpha-2-delta subunit modulator · excitatory release blocker by alpha-2-delta

Selective glycoprotein ligand for vesicular neurotransmitter secretion Antiepileptic compound with high affinity for the SV2A vesicular protein, regulating and reducing the excessive release of excitatory neurotransmitters in the synaptic space.

Also: SV2A ligand · presynaptic vesicular modulator · antiepileptic binding to synaptic vesicle two A

Slow methylator Individual who presents inherited genetic variations that cause low activity of acetyltransferase enzymes in their body. These subjects metabolize certain active ingredients more slowly, which increases the risk of adverse effects.

Also: slow acetylator phenotype · NAT2 genetic deficient · deficient acetylation metabolizer

Negative allosteric modulator Substance that is specifically associated with an allosteric domain of a receptor, decreasing the affinity or attenuating the effect of the main agonist that binds at the orthosteric site. Reduces cellular signaling of the endogenous ligand.

Also: NAM · allosteric inhibitor · receptor conformational attenuator

Positive allosteric modulator Chemical compound that binds to a secondary or allosteric site of a receptor, improving the affinity or response of the primary ligand for its orthosteric binding site. It does not directly activate the receiver by itself.

Also: allosteric enhancer · orthosteric union facilitator

Anabolic modulator with selective action on the androgen receptor Non-steroidal compound designed to selectively activate the androgen receptor in muscle and bone tissue, minimizing the proliferative stimulus on prostate tissue.

Also: selective non-steroidal androgen receptor modulator · tissue selective androgen ligand

Modulator of calcium-activated potassium channels of immune cells Selective compound that regulates membrane potential and cellular inflammatory response by selectively modulating intermediate-conductance calcium-dependent potassium channels.

Also: KCa3.1 channel modulator · T cell intermediate-conductance potassium channel blocker · immune KCa3.1 channel regulator

Modulator of pituitary gonadotropin discharge Substance that after intense stimulation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors induces profound cellular desensitization, interrupting the secretion of sex hormones.

Also: GnRH desensitizing analogue · persistent GnRH receptor agonist · pituitary-gonadal axis inhibitor

Modulator of lymphocyte migration by S1P receptor Compound that stimulates and subsequently internalizes cellular sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors, trapping lymphocytes in lymphoid organs to prevent their migration to inflamed tissues.

Also: sphingosine one phosphate modulator · lymphocyte lymphocyte hijacker · S1P cell ligand

Selective modulator of progestogen receptors with tissue action Synthetic compound that exerts agonist or antagonist actions on progesterone receptors depending on the cellular tissue where it acts and the presence of cofactors.

Also: SPRM · tissue progesterone receptor modulator · differentiated progesterone selective ligand

Selective tissue estrogen receptor modulator Compound that acts differentially on estrogen receptors, behaving as an agonist in certain tissues and as an antagonist in others, depending on the cell type involved.

Also: selective ligand for tissue estrogen receptors · differentiated estrogen modulator

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Key intracellular second messenger synthesized by adenylate cyclase from ATP, which activates protein kinase A to regulate metabolic, transcription and ion transport functions.

Also: cAMP · cyclic adenosine monophosphate · cyclic adenosine nucleotide

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate Second messenger synthesized by guanylate cyclase in response to nitric oxide or natriuretic peptides, whose main function is to activate protein kinase G to induce smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation.

Also: cGMP · cyclic guanosine monophosphate · cyclic guanosine nucleotide

Inorganic neutralizer with local gastric action Basic compound that reacts directly and chemically with the hydrochloric acid in the stomach lumen, reducing acidity immediately and without being significantly absorbed in the body.

Also: non-systemic antacid · inorganic gastric acid buffer · chemical stomach neutralizer

Bile acid sequestering anion exchange polymer Substance with a resinous structure that captures and covalently binds to bile acids in the intestinal lumen, preventing their reabsorption, forcing the liver to consume circulating cholesterol to replace them.

Also: bile sequestering resin · lipide-lowering anion exchange resin · digestive bile salt sequestrant

Organic potassium exchange polymer in colon Compound that captures and binds potassium ions in the lumen of the colon in exchange for sodium or calcium ions, mechanically reducing potassium concentrations in the body.

Also: colonic potassium cation exchange resin · colonic potassium sequestrant · potassium scavenger by exchange resin

Pharmacological genetic polymorphism Stable variation in the DNA sequence that occurs with a frequency greater than one percent in a population and that alters the structure or quantity of proteins involved in the response to substances. Explains individual differences in the effectiveness and toxicity of treatments.

Also: pharmacogenomic variation · genetic heterogeneity in targets · polymorphism of enzymes and receptors

Pharmacological potency Parameter that evaluates the amount or dose of a substance that is required to produce a biological effect of a given magnitude. It is usually quantified by the concentration or effective dose fifty.

Also: dose potency · relative activity by mass · biological action power

Enhancer of the opening of the chlorine channel by GABA-A receptor Compound that is associated with a specific site of the GABA-A receptor, enhancing the inhibitory action of the GABA neurotransmitter, which translates into sedative, anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects.

Also: positive allosteric modulator of GABA-A · receptor-coupled chlorine channel facilitator · ionotropic GABAergic enhancer

Precursor of sulfur donors for glutathione replacement Compound that provides cysteine to restore cellular reserves of endogenous glutathione, allowing the reactive and toxic metabolites generated in overdose to be effectively neutralized.

Also: protective sulfhydryl donor · tissue sulfhydryl group replenisher · Cellular protective N-acetylcysteine

Precursor of sulfhydryl groups for replacement of cellular defenses Compound that is metabolized by providing cysteine to restore cellular glutathione stores, protecting hepatocytes from destructive reactive metabolites.

Also: replacement sulfhydryl donor · synthetic hepatic glutathione precursor · Cell restoration N-acetylcysteine

Gastric removal procedure by mechanical emptying Emergency emptying technique that consists of the repeated mechanical entry and removal of water in the stomach through a large caliber catheter to eliminate solid toxins that have not yet been absorbed.

Also: clinical gastric lavage · gastric lavage with emptying tube · mechanical decontamination of the stomach

Soluble fusion protein blocking T cell costimulation Immunoregulatory biological compound that interferes with the union of the cell membrane molecules CD80 and CD86 with the CD28 receptor of T lymphocytes, preventing their biological activation.

Also: immune cellular costimulation blocker · soluble immunological synapse blocking protein · selective biological costimulation modulator

Taxane chemotherapy stabilizer of the mitotic cell spindle Antineoplastic compound that blocks the depolymerization of tubulin microtubules, fixing the spindle abnormally and stopping mitotic cell division.

Also: taxane chemotherapy · tumor mitotic spindle stabilizer · inhibitor of mitotic microtubule retraction

Selective intestinal transit slowdown Compound that selectively stimulates mu-type opiate receptors located in the intestinal muscles, reducing peristaltic movements without crossing the barrier that protects the brain.

Also: antidiarrheal peripheral mu agonist · intestinal myenteric slowdown · colonic motility modulator by opioids

Passive tubular reabsorption Diffusion of lipid-soluble and non-electrically charged substances from the forming urine of the renal tubules back to the general circulation. It depends largely on the urinary pH and the degree of ionization of the molecule.

Also: passive renal reabsorption · passive tubular reflux · retrograde renal diffusion

Phase I Reaction Set of non-synthetic metabolic transformations, such as oxidations, reductions or hydrolysis, aimed at introducing or exposing polar functional groups in a molecule. It often serves as a preparation for the compound to undergo subsequent conjugation reactions.

Also: non-synthetic biotransformation · metabolic functionalization · functionalizing phase of metabolism

Phase II Reaction Metabolic processes of synthetic conjugation where a compound or its previous metabolite is covalently linked to a very polar endogenous substrate to facilitate its elimination through urine or bile. Common endogenous substrates include glucuronic acid and sulfate.

Also: synthetic biotransformation · metabolic conjugation · conjugating phase of metabolism

Cholinesterase reactivator Drug that can hydrolyze the covalent phosphorus bond that unites organophosphates with the active site of acetylcholinesterase, recovering the enzymatic function if administered in time.

Also: organophosphate antidote · cholinesterase-restoring oximes · active pralidoxime

G protein-coupled receptors Large family of receptors with seven domains that cross the cell membrane and transmit extracellular signals to the interior through the activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. They regulate an immense variety of physiological and pathological processes.

Also: metabotropic receptors · seven transmembrane domain receptors

Receptors with tyrosine kinase activity Transmembrane receptors that have an intracellular enzymatic domain that autophosphorylates on tyrosine residues after the binding of an external ligand, activating cellular phosphorylation cascades. They are fundamental targets for growth and differentiation factors.

Also: growth factor receptors · receptors coupled to tyrosine kinase enzymes

Ionotropic receptors Membrane structures that act directly as channels for the passage of ions, which open or close after the specific binding of a chemical ligand or neurotransmitter. They allow extremely fast signal transmission in milliseconds.

Also: ligand-activated ion channels · fast synaptic transmission receptors · receptor-regulated ion channels

Nuclear receptors Soluble proteins located in the cytoplasm or nucleus that act as transcription factors after binding to lipophilic ligands, directly regulating the expression of specific genes in the cell. They are targets of steroid and thyroid hormones and vitamins.

Also: soluble intracellular receptors · steroid hormone receptors · ligand-activated transcription factors

Viscosity reducer of respiratory secretions Compound that chemically breaks the disulfide bonds of mucoproteins in bronchial mucus, fragmenting the molecular chains and greatly facilitating their physical elimination.

Also: mucolytic mucus degrader · fluidifying bronchial secretions · mucoid consistency reducer

Downregulation of receivers Long-term adaptive decrease in the total number of active receptors on the cell surface due to repeated or persistent stimulation by an agonist. It involves internalization and cellular degradation processes.

Also: degradative internalization of receptors · chronic receptor attenuation

Upregulation of receivers Increase in the density of active receptors on the membrane of a cell as an adaptive response to a chronic lack of stimulation or a persistent blockade by antagonists. It can cause hypersensitivity when removing blockers.

Also: supersensitivity due to chronic blockage · adaptive proliferation of receptors

Relaxant of the digestive smooth muscle by cholinergic blockade Compound that relieves colic-type pain by blocking muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the intestinal wall, directly relaxing the smooth muscle of the digestive tract.

Also: muscarinic antispasmodic · spasmolytic digestive anticholinergic · enteric smooth muscle relaxant

Restorer of the immune response by blocking checkpoints Biologically engineered compound that blocks cellular inhibitory proteins of T lymphocytes, reactivating the cellular immune destructive response specifically against tumor cells.

Also: immune checkpoint inhibitor · biological checkpoint blocking antibody · restorative oncological immunosurveillance

Active tubular secretion Active transport process that selectively moves molecules of a substance from the capillaries surrounding the renal tubules to the lumen of the renal tubule. It uses specific transporters and requires direct consumption of cellular energy.

Also: active excretory tubular transport · transporter-mediated renal secretion · active tubular elimination

Pancreatic secretogogue potassium channel blocker Compound that directly stimulates insulin release by binding and blocking ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the beta cells of the pancreas, forcing calcium entry and hormonal exocytosis.

Also: sulfonylurea insulin secretagogue · beta cell potassium channel blocker · pancreatic insulin stimulant

Pancreatic secretogogue with rapid action and duration Compound that blocks cellular ATP-sensitive potassium channels in a different binding site than sulfonylureas, stimulating postprandial insulin secretion quickly and immediately.

Also: short-acting glinide · fast postprandial secretagogue · non-sulfonylureic secretagogue

Second messenger Small signaling molecule that is rapidly generated inside the cell after the stimulation of a surface receptor, transmitting and amplifying the original signal towards internal cellular targets. Common examples include cAMP, cGMP, and calcium.

Also: intracellular signal mediator · secondary signaling molecule · soluble intracellular messenger

Cardiac calcium sensitizer Inotropic compound that increases the force of contraction of the heart by specifically binding to troponin C in the presence of calcium, without increasing the intracellular concentration of this ion or the risk of arrhythmias.

Also: cardiac troponin sensitizer · calcium-sensitizing inotropic · calcium-dependent contractile stimulant

Tissue sensitizer of insulin action Compound that improves insulin sensitivity and reduces excessive glucose production by the liver through the activation of AMP-dependent protein kinase.

Also: sensitizing biguanide · hepatic gluconeogenesis reducer · hepatic insulin sensitizer

Addition synergism Combined effect that occurs when two substances administered together generate a response that is exactly equal to the mathematical sum of the individual effects of each of them. It is usually observed in compounds with the same mechanism of action.

Also: adding effects · additive drug synergy · sum of therapeutic responses

Empowerment Synergism Phenomenon by which the joint action of two active ingredients is significantly greater than the sum of their individual actions applied separately. A mutual facilitation of their cellular or pharmacokinetic mechanisms occurs.

Also: pharmacological supraaddition · mutual potentiation of compounds · cell facilitation synergy

Bulbar action cough suppressant Compound that raises the activation threshold of the cough nerve center in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem, decreasing the intensity of this protective reflex.

Also: central action cough suppressant · central cough suppressant · sedative of the bulbar cough reflex

Cationic surfactant that disrupts the membranes of gram-negative bacteria Lipopeptide compound that acts by mechanically breaking the internal and external lipid membranes of bacteria, altering their permeability in a destructive and bactericidal way.

Also: cationic polypeptide antibiotic · membrane-disorganizing polymyxin · bactericidal cationic outer membrane surfactant

Exogenous substrate for restoration of the coagulation system Injectable compound that immediately provides essential coagulation factors to restore the ability to generate fibrin and stop hemorrhages induced by antagonists.

Also: exogenous restorer of the coagulation cascade · reversing clotting factor concentrate · active replacement hemostatic agent

Chain terminator of viral genomic replication Nucleosidic type compound that requires phosphorylation by cellular and viral kinases to be incorporated into replicating DNA, lacking the essential end to continue the growth of the genetic chain.

Also: nucleoside analogue antiviral · competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase · viral genomic elongation terminator

Time to reach maximum concentration Time interval that elapses from the moment of administration of a substance until it reaches its highest level in the systemic circulation. It is indicative of the overall speed of the absorption process of the preparation.

Also: Tmax · maximum time · maximum absorption speed

Binding to plasma proteins Phenomenon of reversible association between an active ingredient and blood transport macromolecules, mainly albumin and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein. It determines the amount of substance that can freely diffuse toward therapeutic targets.

Also: plasma protein binding · albumin coupling · macromolecular reversible binding

Selective arterial vasodilator Compound that specifically relaxes the arteriolar resistance vessels, decreasing the total peripheral resistance of the body and reducing the ejection load of the heart.

Also: preferential arteriodilator · cardiac afterload reducer · resistance vessel dilator

Selective venous vasodilator Composed with special tropism for venous smooth muscles that causes dilation of the capacitance veins, reducing the return of blood to the heart and reducing cardiac preload.

Also: preferential venodilator · preload venous reducer · capacitance vessel dilator

Apparent volume of distribution Pharmacokinetic parameter that relates the total amount of an active ingredient in the body to its concentration measured in the blood plasma. Indicates whether the compound is retained in the intravascular space or widely distributed in body tissues.

Also: You · apparent volume of distribution · tissue distribution volume

Pharmacology

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