Abiraterone oncological prostate Selective inhibitor of the CYP17 enzyme that stops the endogenous synthesis of androgens in the testes, adrenal glands and in the tumor stroma.

Also: prostatic abiraterone acetate · selective inhibitor of androgen biosynthesis · selective prostate oncological abiraterone · selective androgenesis inhibitor CYP17

Acantholysis Loss of cohesion between the keratinocytes of the epidermis due to the destruction of desmosomes, which facilitates the formation of intraepidermal vesicles.

Also: epidermal dissociation · desmosome lysis

Epidermal acantholysis Cohesive separation of desmosome junctions between keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum that generates the formation of microscopic intraepithelial spaces.

Also: microscopic epidermal acantholysis · cell dissociation of the stratum spinosum

Histological Periodic Acid Schiff Histochemical reaction used to identify complex polysaccharides, glycogen and basement membranes, staining them an intense magenta red color.

Also: PAS staining · Histological PAS · tissue glycogen staining · PAS histochemical · periodic acid Schiff stain

Muscle smooth muscle actin Specific isoform of actin expressed in smooth muscle cells and myoepithelial cells, used as an immunohistochemical marker of myogenic differentiation.

Also: smooth muscle actin · Histological SMA · SMA myoepithelial marker · smooth muscle actinSMA · smooth muscle actin marker

Free circulating tumor DNA DNA fragments of neoplastic origin released into the bloodstream through processes of necrosis, apoptosis or active cell secretion.

Also: free circulating ctDNA · Tumor DNA in liquid biopsy plasma · circulating tumor-free ctDNA · neoplasia DNA fragments in plasma

Cellular conductive alteration Molecular or chromosomal modification that directly initiates or accelerates the transformation of a normal tissue into a neoplastic one.

Also: cell driver alteration · neoplastic conductive anomaly · selective cell driver mutation · conductive adaptive alteration

Innocuous temporary alteration Random genetic modification accumulated in a tumor that does not confer growth advantages nor participate directly in the oncogenesis process.

Also: silent passenger mutation · neutral alteration of the tumor genome · passive alteration of the tumor genome · neutral passing mutation

Amyloid Pathological protein substance that is deposited in the extracellular space of various organs, characterized by a beta-folded sheet structure.

Also: amyloid protein · amyloid deposits · amyloid substance

Amplification of cellular genes Cellular process that results in an abnormal increase in the number of copies of a specific gene, leading to overexpression of its encoded protein.

Also: tumor gene amplification · multiple copies of structural genes · excessive cellular gene amplification · increase in copies of cellular genes

Selective oncological anastrozole Selective non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor that blocks peripheral estrogen synthesis in postmenopausal women with breast neoplasms.

Also: anastrozole oncological aromatase · selective aromatase inhibitor · selective breast oncological anastrozole · non-steroidal selective aromatase inhibitor

Newly formed tumor angiogenesis Pathological formation of new disorganized and hyperpermeable blood vessels, induced by peritumoral hypoxia to supply oxygen to the tumor.

Also: aberrant tumor neovascularization · peritumoral stromal neoangiogenesis · aberrant neoformed tumor neoangiogenesis · active peritumoral neovascularization

Antracosis Accumulation of charcoal pigment or charcoal dust in alveolar macrophages and lung parenchyma, common in smokers and urban residents.

Also: coal lung · tissue carbon deposit · anthracotic pigmentation

Low grade astrocytoma Well-differentiated, slow-growing glial neoplasm that infiltrates the surrounding nervous tissue without exhibiting marked cellular atypia, atypical mitoses, or necrosis.

Also: grade II astrocytoma · well-differentiated astrocytic tumor

Pilocytic astrocytoma Slow-growing astrocytic neoplasm classified as WHO grade I, common in children and characterized by the presence of Rosenthal fibers.

Also: juvenile astrocytoma · pilocytic astrocytoma of the cerebellum

Atypia Deviation from normal cellular morphology that includes alterations in nuclear size, shape or nucleocytoplasmic relationship, without necessarily reaching frank malignancy.

Also: cellular atypia · altered cell morphology · nuclear atypia

Marked cellular atypia Severe cellular architectural alteration characterized by extreme loss of spatial polarity, notable macrokaryosis, and extreme distortion of the nucleocytoplasmic relationship.

Also: extreme cellular atypia · marked microscopic cellular distortion

Selective antiangiogenic bevacizumab Humanized monoclonal antibody designed to selectively bind to free vascular endothelial growth factor in plasma, blocking tumor neovascularization.

Also: antiangiogenic bevacizumab antibody · anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody · molecular antiangiogenic bevacizumab of choice · selective soluble anti-VEGF antibody

Selective hormonal bicalutamide Pure nonsteroidal antiandrogenic agent that competitively blocks androgen receptors without exerting any additional endocrine activity.

Also: selective antiandrogenic bicalutamide · pure androgen receptor blocker · selective prostate hormone bicalutamide · selective prostatic androgen receptor inhibitor

High dose rate brachytherapy Radiation modality in which encapsulated radioactive sources are introduced directly or near the neoplasia to deliver high localized doses quickly.

Also: HDR brachytherapy · high dose rate interstitial radiation · HDR high dose rate brachytherapy · high-rate transient oncological interstitial irradiation

Epithelial intercellular junction cadherin Calcium-dependent transmembrane glycoprotein responsible for homophilic intercellular adhesion that maintains the physical cohesion of epithelial tissues.

Also: E-cadherin for cell cohesion · epithelial junction molecule cadherin · Intercellular junctional epithelial E-cadherin · epithelial adhesion molecule cadherin

Tumor driving genetic change Specific genetic alteration that confers a selective growth and survival advantage to a tumor cell, driving the progression of the neoplasia.

Also: driving alteration of the genome · driving driver mutation · tumor driving molecular alteration · driver conduction mutation

Atypical carcinoid Intermediate grade neuroendocrine tumor characterized by presenting between two and ten mitoses per ten high power fields or foci of punctate necrosis.

Also: intermediate grade neuroendocrine tumor · atypical pulmonary carcinoid

Atypical pulmonary carcinoid Neuroendocrine tumor with intermediate aggressive behavior characterized by notable nuclear atypia, focal necrosis and increased microscopic mitotic rate.

Also: grade II neuroendocrine tumor of the lung

Appendix carcinoid Well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor commonly located at the tip of the cecal appendix, found incidentally during routine appendectomies.

Also: appendicular carcinoid · neuroendocrine tumor of the appendicular tip

Typical carcinoid Well-differentiated, low-aggressive epithelial neuroendocrine tumor that presents less than two mitoses per ten high-power fields and lacks necrosis.

Also: low-grade neuroendocrine tumor · typical pulmonary carcinoid

Karyolysis Complete dissolution of nuclear chromatin due to the enzymatic action of cellular DNase, which causes loss of nuclear staining in histological sections.

Also: nuclear dissolution · nuclear lysis

Nuclear karyolysis Progressive and complete dissolution of the cell nucleus due to the enzymatic digestion of the components of nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid.

Also: karyolytic chromatin dissolution · nuclear tissue karyolysis

Karyopycnosis Condensation of chromatin in the cell nucleus that is observed as a dense, dark mass, indicating an advanced state of cellular degeneration or programmed death.

Also: nuclear pycnosis · nuclear condensation · pycnosis

Nuclear karyopyknosis Morphological process characterized by the extreme retraction of the nuclear volume and the dense condensation of its chromatin under lethal cellular stimuli.

Also: tissue nuclear pyknosis · karyopyknotic chromatin condensation

Karyorhexis Fragmentation of the cell nucleus into multiple small parts that are distributed throughout the cytoplasm, a morphological change that follows pyknosis during necrosis or apoptosis.

Also: nuclear fragmentation · nuclear rhexis

Nuclear karyorrhexis Cell destructive phase in which the pyknotic nucleus disintegrates into multiple chromatin fragments scattered in the cell cytoplasm.

Also: fragmented nuclear disintegration · nuclear tissue karyorrhexis

Anchoring cytoplasmic catenin Intracellular protein that connects the cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin with the actin filaments of the supporting cellular cytoskeleton.

Also: cytoplasmic beta-catenin · catenin-actin support complex · Cytoplasmic cell anchoring beta-catenin · catenin coupling protein

Langhans cell Multinucleated giant cell whose nuclei are arranged peripherally in a horseshoe shape, characteristic of tuberculous granulomatous inflammation.

Also: multinucleated Langhans cell · tuberculosis giant cell

Touton cell Multinucleated giant cell with a central ring of nuclei surrounded by a foamy cytoplasm loaded with lipids, characteristic of xanthomas.

Also: Touton giant cell · multinucleated foamy histiocyte

Inactive bone disseminated cell Neoplastic cell that has migrated to the microenvironment of the bone cavity and remains in a latent or dormant state without actively proliferating.

Also: Bone DTC inactive · tumor cell in latent marrow · Latent bone DTC · disseminated inactive tumor cell in bone

Foreign body type giant cell Multinucleated cell formed by the fusion of macrophages in response to the persistence of an insoluble exogenous or endogenous material in the tissue.

Also: multinucleated foreign body cell · phagocytic giant histiocyte

Tumor stem cell Subpopulation of cells within a tumor that has the capacity for self-renewal and originating all the cell lineages of the neoplasia.

Also: tumor-initiating cell · stem cell tumor · neoplastic stem cell

Persistent pluripotent tumor stem cell Tumor-initiating cell with unlimited capacity for self-renewal and phenotypic plasticity that is responsible for resistance to conventional treatments.

Also: persistent tumor-initiating cell · pluripotent neoplastic stem cell · persistent pluripotent tumor stem cell · tumor recurrence initiating cell

Isolated peripheral circulating tumor cell Cell of neoplastic origin that detaches from the primary tumor and passes independently through the peripheral blood flow.

Also: Isolated peripheral CTC · free circulating neoplastic cell · Isolated peripheral circulating CTC · free tumor cell in peripheral blood

Perfusion scintigraphy Functional imaging study that evaluates the blood flow of a tissue or organ by detecting the radiation emitted by an administered radioactive tracer.

Also: tissue perfusion scintigraphy · functional scintigraphic tracking · vascular functional scintigraphy · oncological perfusion scintigraphy

Nuclear perfusion scintigraphy Nuclear medicine study that uses injected radioactive compounds to spatially map the distribution and volume of blood flow of neoplastic tissue.

Also: functional perfusion scintigraphy · scintigraphic tracking of tissue irrigation · functional tissue perfusion scintigraphy · perfusion scintigraphy of neoplasms

Oncological-specific cetuximab Chimeric monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor, preventing its activation.

Also: oncological cetuximab antibody · chimeric anti-EGFR antibody · targeted molecular oncology cetuximab · oncological anti-EGFR chimeric antibody

Cystectomy Surgical intervention that consists of the partial or total removal of the urinary bladder, usually accompanied by a reconstructive urinary diversion.

Also: bladder removal · radical cystectomy · bladder resection

Dukes Classification Histopathological system historically used to stage the penetration of the colorectal tumor into the intestinal wall and lymph node involvement.

Also: Dukes scale · Dukes staging · Dukes grading

Dukes classification for rectal colon Classic descriptive histopathological system that divides colorectal neoplasms into four evolutionary categories according to the depth of parietal invasion.

Also: Dukes classic colorectal · Dukes histopathological staging · classical colorectal Dukes scale · Dukes for histological rectal colon

Coilocyte Squamous epithelial cell that presents a clear perinuclear halo and a wrinkled atypical nucleus, a histological characteristic of human papillomavirus infection.

Also: koilocytic cell · koilocytosis · perinuclear halo cell

Cervical coilocyte Structurally modified mature squamous cell of the cervix that presents extensive perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuolization and nuclear atypia due to active viral replication.

Also: coilocyte of the cervix · cervical koilocytic cell

Colectomy Surgery that involves the removal of a segment or the entire colon, performed in cases of neoplasia, inflammatory bowel disease or severe diverticulitis.

Also: colonic removal · segmental colectomy · colon resection

Chondroblastoma Cartilage-forming neoplasm that typically affects the epiphyses of long bones in young patients before the closure of the growth plates.

Also: Codman tumor · benign epiphyseal chondroblastoma

Bone chondroma Benign neoplasm of mature hyaline cartilage that develops inside the bone or on its periosteal surface, with very low cellularity.

Also: mature cartilage chondroma · benign bone enchondroma

Cordoma Slow-growing malignant neoplasm that originates from remnants of the notochord, typically located at the base of the skull or the sacrococcygeal region.

Also: notochordal tumor · malignant chordoma · sacrococcygeal chordoma

Choristoma Mass of histologically normal tissue that is found in an anomalous anatomical location where said tissue is not usually found.

Also: tissue heterotopia · structured ectopic tissue · tissue choristoma

Freeze Cut Rapid pathological technique that allows processing and diagnosing tissue samples obtained during the surgical procedure through solidification by extreme cold.

Also: intraoperative freezing biopsy · frozen section · cryosection

RECIST criteria Set of standardized rules to evaluate the response of solid tumors to medical treatment, based on measurements of target lesions.

Also: response evaluation criteria in solid tumors · RECIST scale

RECIST tumor response criteria Standardized guidelines used to define when solid tumors decrease in size, remain stable, or progress clinically.

Also: RECIST for tumor response · RECIST response criteria · RECIST of clinical tumor response · RECIST tumor evaluation criteria

Display chromogen Soluble chemical compound that undergoes an enzyme-catalyzed reaction to deposit an insoluble colored precipitate at the antibody binding site.

Also: histological chromogenic substrate · immunohistochemistry revealer · chromogenic detection substrate · histological chromogenic revealer

Vesicular chromogranin Family of acidic glycoproteins contained in the secretory granules of most neuroendocrine cells, widely used for their identification.

Also: chromogranin A · neuroendocrine secretory marker of chromogranin · secretory vesicular chromogranin · secretory glycoprotein chromogranin A

Chromothripsis Genomic phenomenon in which one or several chromosomes are massively fragmented and randomly reorganized in a single cellular event.

Also: massive chromosome fragmentation · chromosomal catastrophe

Aberrant genomic chromothripsis Cellular phenomenon where localized and massive fragmentation of a chromosome occurs followed by a random reassociation of the chromosome segments.

Also: aberrant chromosomal chromothripsis · massive chromosome fragmentation · aberrant molecular chromothripsis · chromosomal rearrangement of chromothripsis

Immune differentiation cluster Standardized nomenclature system that groups marker molecules expressed on the surface of immune cells and other cell lineages.

Also: CD antigens · tissue differentiation clusters · CD differentiation antigens · membrane differentiation cluster

Hydropic degeneration Type of reversible cell injury in which there is accumulation of water within the cytoplasm due to a failure in the membrane ion pumps.

Also: cloudy swelling · hydropic change · intracellular cellular edema

Myxoid degeneration Alteration of the connective tissue characterized by the excessive deposition of acidic mucopolysaccharides in the extracellular matrix, which gives a mucinous appearance.

Also: myxoid change · mucoid degeneration · connective matrix degeneration

Structural genomic deletion Loss of one or more nucleotides or a segment of a chromosome that can result in the inactivation of cellular regulatory genes.

Also: loss of genomic segment · deletion of chromosome material · chromosomal structural deletion · genomic base loss

Desmoplasia Formation of dense connective tissue rich in collagen around a tumor, induced by tumor cells to support the neoplastic stroma.

Also: desmoplastic reaction · collagenous stroma · peritumoral fibrosis

Stromal desmoplasia Active proliferation of myofibroblasts and dense deposition of fibrillar collagen type I and III that deforms the architecture of the stroma surrounding the tumor.

Also: collagenous stromal desmoplasia · peritumoral stromal fibrosis

Chromogenic diaminobenzidine Chemical substrate widely used in immunohistochemistry that produces a dark brown precipitate that is insoluble in the presence of horseradish peroxidase.

Also: Chromogenic DAB · DAB developer · diaminobenzidine for IHC · chromogenic DAB developer · permanent diaminobenzidine

Ovarian dysgerminoma Ovarian counterpart to testicular seminoma that occurs in young women, characterized by primitive germ cells surrounded by active lymphoid stroma.

Also: ovarian germ cell dysgerminoma · dysgerminomatous ovarian germinal neoplasia

Dormancy of sleeping tumor cells Physiological state in which the cells of a neoplasm remain metabolically inactive in the G0 phase of the cell cycle for prolonged periods.

Also: cellular tumor lethargy · inactivity of disseminated neoplastic cells · tumor dormancy of isolated cells · dormancy of latent cancer cells

Maximum tolerated clinical dose Highest amount of a therapeutic agent that can be safely administered to a patient without inducing unacceptable adverse effects.

Also: DMT clinic · maximum pharmacological safety dose · maximum safe dose · Clinical pharmacological DMT

Maximum tolerated clinical oncological dose Maximum amount of an oncological drug that a patient can safely receive without experiencing clinically unacceptable adverse reactions.

Also: oncological safety limit dose · Maximum oncological DMT · Maximum oncological clinical DMT · oncological tolerable upper limit dose

Segmental DNA duplication Presence of additional copies of a specific genomic segment within a chromosome, which contributes to the instability of the chromosome structure.

Also: DNA structural gain · duplication of genomic DNA segment · segmental gain of genetic material

Radio-induced abscopal effect Immune-mediated phenomenon where localized radiation on a primary tumor causes the reduction of non-irradiated and distant tumor lesions.

Also: abscopal response · remote remission due to radiation · abscopal regression due to radiation · abscopal immune response

Secondary radio-induced abscopal effect Remission of neoplastic foci located at a distance from the irradiated area, triggered by a systemic activation of the immune system after radiation.

Also: systemic abscopal regression · radiation-mediated remote antitumor effect · radio-induced secondary abscopal response · abscopal immune-mediated tumor regression

Neuron-specific enolase Isoenzyme of the glycolytic pathway expressed mainly in neurons and cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system, used as a tissue marker.

Also: Molecular NSE · specific neuroendocrine enolase · NSE neural cytoplasmic · diagnostic neuronal enolase

Prostate hormone enzalutamide Potent inhibitor of androgen receptors that competitively blocks their binding, nuclear translocation, and transcription cofactor recruitment.

Also: prostate-selective enzalutamide · androgen receptor inhibitor · prostatic selective hormonal enzalutamide · androgen receptor signaling inhibitor

Contrast eosin Acidic dye soluble in water or alcohol used to stain cytoplasmic structures and the extracellular matrix with a pink or reddish tone.

Also: eosin Y · pink cytoplasmic counterstaining · histological eosin counterstain · cytoplasmic contrast eosin

Myxopapillary ependymoma Histological variant of ependymoma that occurs almost exclusively in the filum terminale and the region of the conus medullaris, with perivascular mucinous deposits.

Also: ependymoma of the filum terminale · ependymoma of the conus medullaris

Ventricular ependymoma Neoplasia that arises from the ependymal cells that line the ventricular system or the central medullary canal, forming ependymal rosettes and typical perivascular pseudorosettes.

Also: ventricular ependymal tumor · ventricular fossa ependymoma

Specific molecular erlotinib Reversible inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, which prevents intracellular cellular autophosphorylation of the protein.

Also: erlotinib molecular tyrosine kinase · first generation EGFR inhibitor · selective specific molecular erlotinib · selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor

Esophagectomy Highly complex surgical procedure that consists of the removal of part or all of the esophagus, followed by reconstruction with a gastric or colonic graft.

Also: esophageal removal · reconstructive esophagectomy · esophageal resection

Spongiosis Presence of intercellular edema in the epidermis that separates the keratinocytes and makes the intercellular bridges visible, common in acute cutaneous inflammatory processes.

Also: intercellular epidermal edema · epidermal sponginess

Epidermal spongiosis Accumulation of intercellular serous fluid in the internal portion of the epidermis that dilates the spaces between the physical support keratinocytes.

Also: inflammatory epidermal spongiosis · intercellular edema of the epidermis

Lymphocytic Binet clinical staging Clinical classification of chronic lymphatic leukemia that stratifies patients according to the number of enlarged areas of lymphoid tissue.

Also: Clinical lymphocytic binet · Binet staging for CLL · Clinical lymphocytic binet staging · Binet classification for clinical CLL

Clinical staging of lymphocytic Rai Classification system by clinical stages for chronic lymphatic leukemia that progressively evaluates lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy and bone marrow failure.

Also: Clinical lymphocytic rai · Rai staging for CLL · Clinical lymphocytic staging ratio · Rai classification for clinical CLL

Clinical tumor staging Evaluation of the extent of a neoplasm based exclusively on physical examination, imaging studies, incisional biopsies, and initial laboratory tests.

Also: cTNM · clinical staging · staging prior to surgery · cTNM initial · clinical diagnostic staging

Preoperative clinical tumor staging Systematic evaluation of the volume and anatomical extension of a neoplasm that is performed prior to any type of definitive surgical intervention.

Also: initial clinical staging · cTNM preoperative diagnosis · preoperative cTNM for oncological diagnosis · previous clinical extension classification

Ann Arbor staging Classification system used to determine the extent of lymphoproliferative processes, dividing them according to the location on both sides of the diaphragm.

Also: Ann Arbor standings · Ann Arbor scale

Binet staging Clinical system used to classify chronic lymphocytic leukemia into three stages according to the number of affected lymph node areas and the presence of cytopenias.

Also: Binet classification · Binet scale

Rai staging Clinical classification system for chronic lymphocytic leukemia that is based on lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy, organomegaly and the presence of anemia or thrombocytopenia.

Also: Rai classification · Rai scale

Ann Arbor lymph node staging for lymphoid Stage classification system used to describe the anatomical extent of lymphoproliferative processes according to the number of affected regions.

Also: Ann Arbor for lymphoid · Ann Arbor lymph node staging · Ann Arbor for lymphoid lymph node · Ann Arbor stadium standings

Tissue pathological staging Definitive classification of tumor extension obtained through microscopic analysis of the removed surgical specimen and associated lymph nodes.

Also: pTNM · pathological staging · post-surgical resection staging · microscopic pTNM · postoperative pathological staging

Definitive pathological tissue staging Detailed classification of the real anatomical extension of a neoplasm after rigorous anatomopathological analysis of the organ removed in the operating room.

Also: definitive pathological staging · post-surgical microscopic pTNM · definitive post-surgical microscopic pTNM · final histological staging

Breast hormonal exemestane Selective steroid-type inhibitor that irreversibly binds to the active site of aromatase, causing its permanent inactivation.

Also: exemestane aromatase inactivator · steroidal aromatase inhibitor · hormonal exemestane aromatase inactivator · irreversible steroidal aromatase inhibitor

Exosome from vesicular tumor cells Microvesicle actively secreted by tumor cells that transports proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, participating in communication with stromal cells.

Also: exosome extracellular vesicle · tumor exosome signaling · exosomal vesicle of tumor cells · peritumoral signaling exosome

Fibroadenoma Benign breast neoplasm composed of a mixed proliferation of epithelial and stromal elements of the breast lobe, common in young women.

Also: mammary fibroadenoma · benign mixed breast tumor

Chondromyxoid fibroma Rare benign bone neoplasm characterized by lobes of myxoid and hypocellular tissue alternating with areas of chondroid differentiation and dense cellularity.

Also: chondromyxoid bone tumor · benign chondromyxoid fibroma

Histological fixation Chemical or physical process that preserves the biological structures of a tissue in a state as close as possible to the living one, stopping cellular autolysis.

Also: tissue fixation · histological preservation · cell fixation

Cytoskeletal intermediate filament Fibrous structure of the cellular cytoskeleton with a diameter intermediate between microfilaments and microtubules, which confers mechanical resistance to the cell.

Also: intermediate cytoskeletal filaments · cellular structural support proteins · structural intermediate filament proteins · cellular intermediate cytoskeleton

RNA expression signature Specific pattern of messenger RNA levels in a tumor tissue that correlates with diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic response subtypes.

Also: RNA gene expression profile · transcriptomic signature · RNA transcriptomic signature · expression transcriptomic profile

FISH Cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescently labeled DNA probes to detect and locate specific gene sequences in chromosome preparations.

Also: fluorescent in situ hybridization · molecular cytogenetics by FISH · FISH assay

Prostatic antiandrogenic flutamide Non-steroidal compound that blocks the cellular uptake and nuclear binding of dihydrotestosterone in neoplastic prostate tissue.

Also: classical antiandrogen flutamide · androgen receptor inhibitor flutamide · classical antiandrogenic prostate flutamide · competitive non-steroidal androgenic blocker

Buffered formalin Ten percent aqueous formaldehyde solution regulated with a phosphate buffer at neutral pH, used as the reference fixative in pathological anatomy.

Also: buffered formalin · buffered neutral formalin · formalin fixative

Tumor proliferation fraction Measure that evaluates the proportion of cells that are actively in phases of the cell cycle other than G0, useful for evaluating neoplastic behavior.

Also: tumor growth fraction · proliferative percentage of neoplasia · percentage of tumor proliferation growth · proliferative mitotic fraction

Gastrectomy Surgery to partially or totally remove the stomach, indicated mainly in the treatment of gastric neoplasms or severe refractory ulcers.

Also: gastric excision · oncological gastrectomy · gastric resection

Duodenal gastrinoma Neuroendocrine neoplasia that secretes excessive gastrin, causing refractory gastric hyperacidity and multiple ulcers associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

Also: duodenal gastrin-producing tumor · duodenal wall gastrinoma

Selective oncological gefitinib Selective small molecule inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, indicated in lung tumors carrying activating mutations.

Also: gefitinib selective inhibitor · EGFR tyrosine kinase blocker · molecular selective oncological gefitinib · selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor active

Hereditary susceptibility gene Segment of chromosomal DNA with variants or alterations that significantly increase an individual's risk of developing neoplastic processes.

Also: hereditary predisposition locus · neoplastic inheritance gene · germinal tumor predisposition gene · hereditary susceptibility locus

Brain glioblastoma Highly destructive grade IV primary astrocytic neoplasm that diffusely invades the brain parenchyma and presents foci of necrosis surrounded by cellular palisades.

Also: cerebral glioblastoma multiforme · high-grade astrocytic brain tumor

Glioblastoma multiforme Very aggressive high-grade astrocytic neoplasia in the central nervous system, characterized by palisade necrosis and microvascular proliferation.

Also: glioblastoma · grade IV astrocytoma · malignant astrocytic tumor

Pancreatic glucagonoma Glucagon-secreting islet cell neoplasia of the pancreas, manifested by mild diabetes and the characteristic necrotitic erythema migrans.

Also: pancreatic glucagon-secreting tumor · islet alpha cell neoplasia

Depot hormone goserelin Synthetic analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone that reversibly suppresses the release of pituitary LH and FSH.

Also: hormonal depot goserelin · releasing goserelin implant · long-term depot hormonal goserelin · extended-release goserelin implant

Fuhrman grade Nuclear grading system used for renal cell carcinoma, based on nuclear size, contour irregularity, and nucleolar prominence.

Also: Fuhrman nuclear grading · Fuhrman scale

Nottingham Grade Modification of the Scarff-Bloom-Richardson system for the histological classification of neoplastic breast tissue, optimizing the scoring criteria.

Also: Nottingham histological classification · Nottingham scale

Scarff-Bloom-Richardson Grade Histological grading system for breast tumors that evaluates tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism and mitotic count.

Also: Scarff-Bloom-Richardson classification · SBR breast grading

Nottingham Histological Grade of Breast Modification of the Scarff-Bloom-Richardson system that standardizes morphological variables to classify infiltrating breast neoplasms.

Also: Nottingham breast histology · Nottingham grading of breast · Nottingham standardized breast histology · Nottingham scale of breast

Renal Fuhrman nuclear grade Grading system for kidney epithelial neoplasms that analyzes the variation in the size of the nucleus and the morphology of the nucleolus.

Also: renal Fuhrman nuclear scale · renal Fuhrman classification · Fuhrman nuclear histological renal · Fuhrman nuclear gradation scale

Genomic haploidy Condition in which a cell has a single set of chromosomes, whose alteration or presence in somatic tissues represents a serious chromosomal abnormality.

Also: somatic haploid endowment · cell haploidy

Aberrant genomic haploidy Abnormal condition in somatic cells in which the karyotype is composed of a single set of homologous chromosomes, associated with high instability.

Also: aberrant nuclear haploidy · haploid karyotype of somatic tissue · aberrant somatic nuclear haploidy · aberrant haploid chromosomal complement

Hepatic hemangioma Vascular malformation or benign neoplasm of the liver characterized by large dilated vascular channels lined by a single layer of endothelial cells.

Also: cavernous hemangioma of the liver · benign hepatic vascular tumor

Harris Hematoxylin Basic dye commonly used in histology that selectively stains acidic cellular structures such as the nucleus blue or purple.

Also: nuclear hematoxylin stain · Harris blue nuclear stain · Harris hematoxylin stain · Harris nuclear dye

Hemochromatosis Systemic disorder of iron metabolism that results in excessive accumulation and toxic deposition in multiple organs, causing dysfunction and fibrosis.

Also: systemic iron overload · toxic iron deposit

Hemosiderin Golden-brown iron storage pigment that accumulates in tissues after erythrocyte lysis or systemic iron overload.

Also: ferric pigment · ferritin aggregates · tissue iron depot

Hemosiderosis Condition characterized by excessive deposition of hemosiderin in body tissues, usually without causing serious functional damage to the affected organs.

Also: localized iron overload · hemosiderin accumulation

Hyalosis Degenerative tissue change characterized by a homogeneous, vitreous and eosinophilic appearance in histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin.

Also: hyaline change · hyaline degeneration · hyaline appearance

Molecular comparative genomic hybridization Molecular technique that compares the genome of a tissue under study with a reference one to detect losses or gains of chromosomal fragments.

Also: Molecular CGH · genomic hybridization on array · CGH array · molecular comparative CGH analysis · array genomic hybridization

Hysterectomy Surgical procedure by which the uterus is removed partially, totally or radically to treat neoplasms or refractory benign gynecological pathologies.

Also: removal of the uterus · uterine removal

Histoprocessing technology Set of technical procedures that prepare biological samples from their obtaining to obtaining the colored histological section.

Also: histological technology · technical fabric processing · analytical histotechnology · processing of histological samples

Homing of aggressive tumor cells Intrinsic capacity of circulating tumor cells to migrate, lodge and survive specifically in a compatible organic niche.

Also: tumor cell nesting chemotaxis · selective tumor homing · aggressive tumor cell nesting homing · selective tumor migration

Hormonal oncological hormone therapy Therapeutic approach that manipulates the body's endocrine environment to block hormonal stimuli that promote the growth of dependent neoplasms.

Also: oncological hormone deprivation therapy · tumor endocrine therapy · endocrine deprivation oncological hormone therapy · oncological endocrine suppression of the breast and prostate

Imatinib enzyme inhibitor Small molecule that acts as a selective inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase of the BCR-ABL, c-Kit and PDGF-R fusion proteins.

Also: imatinib tyrosine kinase inhibitor · imatinib mesylate molecular · imatinib molecular enzyme inhibitor · selective inhibitor of BCR-ABL and c-Kit

Paraffin embedding Histological processing method where the water in the tissue is replaced by liquid paraffin to harden it and allow extremely fine cuts to be made.

Also: embedded in paraffin · paraffin block · paraffin processing

DNA index Quantitative measurement obtained by flow cytometry that compares the amount of DNA in tumor cells with the diploid content of normal cells.

Also: DNA index · diploid DNA content · tumor ploidy by cytometry

Ki-67 index Percentage of tumor cells expressing the nuclear protein Ki-67 by immunohistochemistry, reflecting the active cell growth fraction of the neoplasm.

Also: Ki-67 growth fraction · Ki67 marker · Ki-67 proliferation index

Scarff-Bloom-Richardson index of breast Semiquantitative histological scoring system to evaluate the degree of aggressiveness of ductal tumors of the mammary gland.

Also: SBR of mammary gland · Scarff-Bloom-Richardson histological breast · SBR breast graduation

Mitotic index Proportion of cells in the mitotic division phase observed in an area or specific number of tumor cells, used to evaluate the speed of tissue proliferation.

Also: mitotic rate · mitosis count · mitotic activity

Histological mitotic index Numerical relationship of the count of mitotic division figures identified in ten high magnification light fields in a standardized way.

Also: standardized mitotic count · histological mitosis index

Cellular DNA microsatellite instability Condition that results from a defect in the cellular machinery responsible for correcting replication errors, producing repetitive variations of nucleotide DNA.

Also: Cellular DNA MSI · tissue microsatellite instability · DNA cellular microsatellite instability · molecular phenotype of microsatellite instability

Genomic instability Increased tendency of the genome to acquire molecular alterations during cell division, facilitating the development and evolution of neoplasias.

Also: genome instability · genomic fragility

Tumor microsatellite instability Genomic alteration resulting from the dysfunction of DNA mismatch repair mechanisms, manifested by length changes in repeated sequences.

Also: MSI phenotype · instability of microsatellite sequences · oncological microsatellite instability · MSI genetic instability phenotype

Aromatase enzyme inhibitor Drug designed to block the peripheral conversion of androgens to estrogens, used in the treatment of receptor-positive breast neoplasms.

Also: antiaromatase · aromatase blocker · estrogenic biosynthesis inhibitor · peripheral aromatase inhibitor · enzymatic estrogen blockade therapy

PARP enzyme inhibitor Therapeutic agent that blocks the enzyme poly-ADP-ribose polymerase, preventing the repair of single-stranded DNA and forcing synthetic lethality in cells with recombination defects.

Also: poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitor · DNA repair inhibitor · cellular PARP inhibitor · synthetic lethality drug by PARP

Cellular proteasome inhibitor Therapeutic agent that stops the degradation of cellular regulatory proteins, inducing the accumulation of aberrant proteins and apoptosis.

Also: proteasome blocker · inhibitor of cellular protein degradation · twenty S proteasome inhibitor · blocker of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway

Immunity Checkpoint Inhibitor Antibody that blocks immunosuppressive receptors on lymphocytes, restoring the ability of the host immune system to attack neoplastic cells.

Also: immune checkpoint inhibitor · checkpoint blockade immunotherapy · immune checkpoint inhibitor · immunotherapeutic checkpoint blocker

BRAF kinase inhibitor Agent that selectively inhibits mutated forms of the BRAF protein kinase, slowing proliferation in neoplasms with a mutation in the six hundredth codon.

Also: mutated BRAF inhibitor · BRAF-V600 kinase blocker · selective BRAF kinase inhibitor · mutated BRAF pathway blocker

CDK4/6 kinase inhibitor Drug that stops cell cycle progression in the G1 phase by selectively blocking cyclin-dependent kinases.

Also: CDK4 and CDK6 inhibitor · G1 phase cyclin blocker · selective CDK4/6 blocker · cell cycle kinase inhibitor

MEK kinase inhibitor Drug directed against the kinases of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, interfering with intracellular signaling that promotes cell growth.

Also: MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitor · blocker of the MAPK mitogenic pathway · MEK1/2 kinase inhibitor · ERK cascade blocker

ALK receptor inhibitor Targeted therapeutic agent that suppresses anaplastic lymphoma kinase activity in cells harboring fusion gene rearrangements.

Also: ALK kinase inhibitor · EML4-ALK fusion blocker · selective ALK kinase inhibitor · ALK tyrosine kinase blocker

EGFR receptor inhibitor Targeted drug that competitively blocks the ATP binding site of the tyrosine kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor.

Also: anti-EGFR · epidermal growth factor receptor blocker · EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor · molecular EGFR blocker

VEGF receptor inhibitor Biological or small molecule drug that blocks the ligand or receptor of vascular endothelial growth factor, inhibiting tumor neovascularization.

Also: selective antiangiogenic therapy · VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitor · selective VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitor · angiogenesis receptor blocker

mTOR pathway inhibitor Pharmacological compound that blocks the target of rapamycin in mammalian cells, altering cellular protein translation and mitotic progression.

Also: rapamycin target inhibitor · PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway blocker · selective mTOR inhibitor · target of rapamycin blocker

Tissue inhibitor of cellular metalloproteases Endogenous protein that specifically regulates the degradative activity of matrix metalloproteinases in the extracellular microenvironment.

Also: Tissue TIMP · endogenous metalloproteinase inhibitor · TIMP tissue regulator of metalloproteases · endogenous stromal inhibitor

Direct immunofluorescence Immunohistological technique where an antibody conjugated with a fluorochrome binds directly to the target antigen present in the tissue section.

Also: direct immunofluorescence assay

Diagnostic immunohistochemistry Analytical technique that uses specific antibodies conjugated with enzymes or chromogens to locate specific target proteins in histological sections.

Also: Diagnostic IHC · tissue immunohistochemical characterization · molecular diagnostic immunohistochemistry · characterization by immunohistochemistry

Oncological immunomodulator Drug capable of modifying or enhancing the host's immune response so that it specifically recognizes and destroys neoplastic cells.

Also: immunomodulatory agent · modulator of the oncological biological response · modulator of the antitumor immune response · stimulating immunotherapeutic agent

Oncological cellular immunotherapy Oncological treatment that consists of the collection, selection, modification and in vitro expansion of immune cells with anti-tumor destructive capacity for subsequent infusion.

Also: oncological cell activation therapy · cellular adoptive immunotherapy · adoptive cellular immune therapy · cellular immunotherapeutic infusion

Oncological molecular immunotherapy Oncological treatment that uses macromolecules designed to reestablish or amplify natural immunity mechanisms against tumor cells.

Also: advanced molecular immunotherapy · oncological immunogenic therapy · targeted oncological molecular immunotherapy · tumor immunogenic molecular therapy

Membrane adhesion integrin Heterodimeric cell surface receptor that mediates the physical interaction and transmission of biological signals between the cell and the extracellular matrix.

Also: integrin cell adhesion receptor · extracellular membrane integrin · transmembrane adhesion integrin receptor · structural membrane integrin

Perineural invasion Process by which tumor cells infiltrate and spread along the peripheral nerve sheaths, being associated with a worse prognosis.

Also: perineural infiltration · perineural spread · tumor neurotropism

Structural chromosome inversion Chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome changes orientation in an inverted manner, potentially altering local gene expression.

Also: chromosomal segment inversion · reverse DNA rearrangement · DNA chromosomal structural inversion · reverse chromosome rearrangement

Selective immunotherapeutic Ipilimumab Fully human monoclonal antibody that selectively blocks antigen four associated with the cytotoxic T lymphocyte, preventing inactivation signals.

Also: control immunotherapeutic ipilimumab · selective anti-CTLA4 antibody · selective immunotherapeutic control ipilimumab · human anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody

Leiomyoma of the uterus Benign uterine smooth muscle neoplasm composed of intertwined fascicles of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, homogeneous in appearance.

Also: myometrial leiomyoma of the uterus · uterine smooth muscle myoma

Selective molecular letrozole Third-generation aromatase enzyme inhibitor that suppresses the conversion of androgens to estrogens in susceptible peripheral tissues.

Also: third generation molecular letrozole · non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor · hormonal molecular selective letrozole · selective estrogen synthesis inhibitor letrozole

Selective molecular leuprolide GnRH receptor agonist agent that causes pituitary desensitization of receptors after an initial stimulation phase.

Also: extended release molecular leuprolide · hormonal leuprolide acetate · hormonal molecular selective leuprolide · leuprolide acetate sustained release

Lymphadenectomy Surgical procedure that consists of the removal of one or more groups of lymph nodes for diagnostic or therapeutic control purposes.

Also: lymph node emptying · lymphatic resection · node dissection

Retroperitoneal lymphangioma Benign vascular lesion that forms dilated cavities of lymphatic content lined with endothelium, located in the deep retroperitoneal space.

Also: retroperitoneal cystic hygroma · retroperitoneal lymphatic malformation

Lipofuscin Yellowish-brown insoluble pigment composed of lipid and phospholipid polymers bound to proteins, indicative of accumulated oxidative damage.

Also: wear pigment · senile pigment · lipochrome

Subcutaneous lipoma Lobulated neoplasm composed of uniform mature adipocytes surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule, usually located in the subcutaneous cellular tissue.

Also: subcutaneous fatty tissue lipoma · lobulated subcutaneous fatty tumor

Lobectomy Surgical removal of an entire lobe of an organ, such as the lung, liver, or thyroid gland, due to the presence of localized pathology.

Also: lobar resection · segmental lobectomy

Membrane surface marker Protein or glycoprotein expressed on the outer membrane of a cell that allows its lineage or differentiation state to be identified through immunophenotyping.

Also: cell membrane antigen · immunological surface receptor · cell transmembrane marker · characteristic membrane surface antigen

Mastectomy Surgical intervention that consists of the total or partial removal of the mammary gland tissue to control neoplastic processes.

Also: breast removal · breast resection · breast ablation

Fibrocystic mastopathy Benign breast condition characterized by cysts, proliferation of fibrous stroma and variable degrees of ductal epithelial hyperplasia.

Also: benign breast dysplasia · fibrocystic changes of the breast · cystic mastopathy

Oncological precision medicine Medical approach that personalizes the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of neoplasms based on the genomic profile and individual molecular characteristics.

Also: molecular precision oncology · personalized oncological therapy · individualized precision oncology · personalized precision medicine

Posterior fossa medulloblastoma Malignant neoplasm of small round blue cells of an embryonic nature that is predominantly located in the cerebellum of pediatric patients.

Also: cerebellar medulloblastoma of the posterior fossa · neuroectodermal tumor of the cerebellum

Desmoplastic medulloblastoma Variant subtype of medulloblastoma characterized histologically by pale reticulin-free nodules surrounded by a densely fibrous and hypocellular stroma.

Also: nodular medulloblastoma · desmoplastic-nodular medulloblastoma

Dural meningioma Neoplasia of the dural membrane originating from the meningothelial cells of the arachnoid, which shows a growth pattern in tight spirals.

Also: lobulated dural meningioma · arachnoid neoplasia of the dura mater

Meningothelial meningioma Histological variant of meningioma characterized by uniform sheets of lobulated meningothelial cells with clear nuclei and cytoplasm with imprecise boundaries.

Also: syncytial meningioma · meningotheliomatous meningioma

Psammomatous meningioma Subtype of meningioma rich in round, calcified psammoma bodies that replace a large part of the original neoplastic cellular component.

Also: calcified meningioma · meningioma with psammoma bodies

Transitional meningioma Histological subtype of meningioma that presents intermediate characteristics between the meningothelial and fibroblastic variants, showing abundant cellular swirls.

Also: mixed meningioma · fibroepithelial meningioma

Degradation metalloproteinase Zinc-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of protein components of the extracellular matrix, facilitating tissue invasion by neoplastic cells.

Also: Tissue degradation MMP · extracellular matrix metalloproteinase · degradation matrix metalloproteinase · Degradative cellular MMP

Tumor microenvironment Cellular and molecular environment surrounding the tumor, composed of blood vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts, extracellular matrix and signaling molecules.

Also: tumor stroma · tumor niche · tumor microenvironment

Cellular stromal tumor microenvironment Surrounding tissue environment composed of non-cancerous cells, vessels, cytokines and extracellular matrix that actively interacts with the neoplastic clone.

Also: peritumoral cellular stroma · tumor stromal niche · dynamic cellular tumor stroma · stromal microenvironment of the neoplasia

Transmission electron microscopy High resolution imaging technique that uses an electron beam to visualize the internal cellular ultrastructure and organelles of ultrathin samples.

Also: transmission microscopy · ultrastructural visualization

Microtome Mechanical precision instrument designed to make extremely thin histological sections from paraffin-embedded or frozen tissue blocks.

Also: rotation microtome · histological cutter · sliding microtome

Mitotic spindle microtubule Tubulin polymer that forms the mechanical spindle structure responsible for physically separating sister chromatids during cell division.

Also: microtubular mitotic spindle · chromosomal segregation microtubules · active mitotic microtubules · microtubular fibers of the mitotic spindle

Drug-induced myelosuppression Reversible or irreversible reduction of hematopoietic activity in the marrow due to the cytotoxic action of antineoplastic drugs.

Also: pharmacological spinal cord suppression · medullary hypoplasia due to chemotherapy · pharmacological hematopoietic hypoplasia

Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression Temporary reduction of hematopoietic cellularity in the medullary cavity due to acute toxicity exerted by cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents.

Also: chemotherapy-induced bone marrow suppression · chemotherapeutic hematological toxicity · chemotherapeutic-induced spinal cord suppression · hematological toxicity of cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs

Atypical mitosis Abnormal cell division characterized by multipolar mitotic spindles or other chromosomal irregularities, indicative of genomic instability in neoplasms.

Also: abnormal mitosis · multipolar spindle · atypical division

Atypical pluripolar mitosis Aberrant mitotic configuration exhibiting three or more achromatic spindle poles during metaphase, resulting in chaotic chromosome segregation.

Also: abnormal pluripolar mitotic spindle · tripolar cellular mitosis

Intramuscular myxoma Deep benign soft tissue neoplasm characterized by an abundant, mucoid extracellular matrix with few scattered stellate fibroblasts.

Also: soft tissue myxoma · intramuscular myxoid tumor

Invasive mole Aggressive form of gestational trophoblastic disease in which the chorionic villi of the mole penetrate deeply into the myometrium.

Also: destructive cool · chorioadenoma destruens · myometrial trophoblastic invasion

Nephrectomy Surgery that consists of the total or partial removal of a kidney due to neoplastic processes or complete loss of kidney function.

Also: kidney removal · oncological nephrectomy · renal resection

Nephroblastoma Malignant embryonic renal neoplasia that mainly affects the pediatric population, composed of a mixture of blastematous, stromal and epithelial elements.

Also: pediatric Wilms tumor · embryonic nephroblastoma

Pediatric Wilms nephroblastoma Renal malignant embryonal neoplasia that originates from remnants of the developing metanephric blastema, typical of early childhood.

Also: pediatric Wilms nephroblastoma · kidney Wilms tumor · pediatric renal Wilms nephroblastoma · childhood Wilms tumor of the kidney

Neoangiogenesis Process of formation of new blood vessels from the preexisting vasculature, stimulated by growth factors secreted by hypoxic or tumor tissues.

Also: tumor angiogenesis · neovascularization · de novo angiogenesis

Pneumonectomy Reconstructive or resective surgery that consists of the complete removal of one of the lungs for the treatment of advanced neoplastic processes.

Also: total lung removal · oncological pneumonectomy

Adrenal neuroblastoma Highly cellular embryonic neoplasm derived from the neural crest that develops in the adrenal medulla and expresses abundant Homer-Wright rosettes.

Also: embryonic adrenal neuroblastoma · tumor derived from the adrenal neural crest

Plexiform neurofibroma Intricate benign neoplasm of the peripheral nerves that distorts the nerve fascicles, considered pathognomonic of neurofibromatosis type one.

Also: multinodular neurofibroma · plexiform neural tumor

Premetastatic tissue niche Specific microenvironment prepared in a distant organ through systemic and inflammatory signals derived from the primary tumor to facilitate subsequent cellular colonization.

Also: premetastatic settlement niche · secondary responsive environment · premetastatic tumor settlement niche · premetastatic tissue microenvironment

Selective oncological nivolumab Fully human monoclonal antibody that acts as an antagonist of the PD-1 receptor, promoting the persistent cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes.

Also: selective immunotherapeutic nivolumab · human anti-PD1 antibody · selective human immunotherapeutic nivolumab · anti-PD1 immune checkpoint antibody

Brain oligodendroglioma Glial neoplasia characterized histologically by sheets of monomorphic cells with central round nuclei and clear cytoplasmic halos that simulate a fried egg.

Also: fried egg pattern oligodendroglioma · cerebral oligodendrogliocytic neoplasia

Oophorectomy Surgical intervention aimed at removing one or both ovaries, performed due to tumor pathology or as a prophylactic measure in high-risk patients.

Also: ovarian removal · ovariectomy · oncological oophorectomy

Osteoblastoma Benign bone neoplasm with locally aggressive behavior that shares histological characteristics with osteoid osteoma but reaches a significantly larger size.

Also: giant osteoid osteoma · benign osteoblastic tumor

Osteochondroma Benign bone exostosis covered by a cap of hyaline cartilage that develops on the surface of long bones near the growth plate.

Also: osteocartilaginous exostosis · benign osteochondroma · osteocartilaginous tumor

Cranial osteoma Benign neoplasm that forms mature compact bone that is predominantly located in the bones of the skull or paranasal sinuses.

Also: cranial mature osteoblastic osteoma · cranial compact exostosis

Osteoid osteoma Small benign bone neoplasm characterized histologically by a central nest of richly vascularized osteoid tissue surrounded by sclerotic bone.

Also: painful benign osteoma · osteoid bone tumor

Pancreatectomy Surgical removal of a portion or all of the pancreas, commonly associated with the resection of neighboring structures in tumors of the pancreatic head.

Also: pancreatic removal · oncological pancreatectomy · pancreas resection

Intraductal papilloma Benign epithelial neoplasia that originates within the ducts of the mammary gland, clinically manifested by serosanguineous telorrhea.

Also: mammary duct papilloma · intraductal papillary lesion

Carotid body paraganglioma Highly vascularized neuroendocrine neoplasia derived from the chemoreceptors of the carotid body, characterized histologically by cell nests called Zellballen.

Also: carotid body tumor · carotid chymodectomy

Immune control pembrolizumab Humanized monoclonal antibody of IgG4 isotype that selectively blocks the PD-1 receptor pathway in immune defense cells.

Also: pembrolizumab immunotherapeutic · anti-PD1 control antibody · selective control immunotherapeutic pembrolizumab · immunological humanized anti-PD1 antibody

Pleomorphism Variability in the size and shape of cells and their nuclei, a common characteristic of tissues with neoplastic alterations of aggressive behavior.

Also: cell variability · nuclear polymorphism · cellular pleomorphism

Cellular and nuclear pleomorphism Simultaneous presence of marked variations in the size of individual cells and in the shape or lobulation of their corresponding nuclear structures.

Also: combined cellular and nuclear pleomorphism · pleomorphic cellular and nuclear atypia

Cellular polyploidy Cellular state in which the nucleus contains three or more complete sets of homologous chromosomes, common in hepatocytes and megakaryocytes under certain conditions.

Also: nuclear polyploidy · multiple chromosome set

Nuclear cell polyploidy Abnormal presence of multiple sets of homologous chromosomes within the nucleus of a somatic cell not undergoing mitotic division.

Also: cellular nuclear polyploidy · multiple nuclear chromosome complement · aberrant cellular nuclear polyploidy · somatic multiple nuclear chromosome endowment

Genomic polyploidization Aberrant cellular event that results in the complete duplication of the set of chromosomes in a cell without subsequent nuclear or cell division occurring.

Also: complete duplication of cellular genome · chromosomal enendoreduplication · tumor cell polyploidization · massive duplication of the somatic genome

Pituitary prolactinoma Prolactin hormone-secreting adenoma of adenohypophyseal epithelial origin that induces galactorrhea, amenorrhea or erectile dysfunction.

Also: adenohypophyseal prolactinoma · prolactin-producing pituitary tumor

Prostatectomy Surgical removal of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles, usually performed for the definitive treatment of localized neoplasms.

Also: prostatic removal · radical prostatectomy · prostate resection

Serum amyloid protein Acute phase protein synthesized in the liver that acts as a precursor of the amyloid component in the processes of systemic reactive amyloidosis.

Also: SAA · serum amyloid precursor · serum amyloid A

Ki-67 nuclear protein Protein antigen selectively expressed during all active phases of the cell cycle but absent in cells in the G0 resting phase.

Also: Ki-67 nuclear marker · Ki-67 proliferation antigen · Ki-67 cell replication marker · active cycle nuclear protein Ki-67

Neural protein S100 Acidic calcium-binding protein abundantly expressed in cells of the peripheral and central nervous system, as well as in melanocytes and Langerhans cells.

Also: neural S100 marker · calcium binding protein S100 · selective neural S100 marker · soluble glial protein S100

Gleason score Grading system for prostate tumors based on the architectural pattern of the tissue with the least and greatest representation in the biopsy.

Also: Gleason score · Gleason scale · prostatic Gleason grading

Prostatic Gleason histological score Grading system based on the microscopic patterns of glandular invasion of the prostate that directly correlates with the prognosis of the disease.

Also: Histological prostatic Gleason · microscopic Gleason score · microscopic prostate Gleason score · gleason glandular grading

Guided tumor chemotaxis Unidirectional migration of neoplastic cells along a concentration gradient of soluble chemoattractant molecules secreted in the stroma.

Also: directed migration of tumor cells · directed chemotaxis of neoplastic cells · directed chemotaxis of neoplasm cells · guided tumor chemotactic migration

Particle-emitting radionuclide Unstable isotope that decays by emitting short-range localized ionizing radiation, used for the selective ablation of tumor foci.

Also: beta emitting isotope · short-range radioactive particle emitter · focused radiation emitter · particle-emitting radioactive isotope

Alpha particle emitting radionuclide Unstable radioactive isotope that decays through the release of high-energy helium nuclei with an extremely short penetration range, useful in microtherapies.

Also: therapeutic alpha particle emitter · alpha isotope with high energy transfer · therapeutic alpha emitting isotope · focused alpha particle emitter

Tumor cellular radioresistance Intrinsic or acquired ability of tumor cells to survive and proliferate after exposure to therapeutic doses of ionizing radiation.

Also: cellular resistance to radiation · tumor radioresistance phenomenon · cellular radioresistance of neoplasms · cellular biological resistance to ionizing radiation

Tissue cellular radiosensitivity Measurement of the biological susceptibility of the cells of a tissue or organ to experience lethal damage or senescence after irradiation.

Also: tissue sensitivity to radiation · cellular radiosensitivity response · oncological tissue cellular radiosensitivity · biological vulnerability of tissues to radiation

Ocular retinoblastoma Malignant neuroepithelial intraocular neoplasia of childhood that originates from photoreceptor precursor cells of the retina.

Also: childhood retinoblastoma · malignant retinal tumor · congenital retinoblastoma · retinal neuroepithelial tumor · infantile intraocular retinoblastoma

Molecular specific rituximab Chimeric antibody specifically directed against the CD20 antigen expressed on the membrane of normal and neoplastic B lymphocytes.

Also: rituximab chimeric antibody · anti-CD20 molecular antibody · high-specificity molecular rituximab · chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody

Amyloid Congo Red Organic dye that specifically binds to extracellular amyloid deposits, exhibiting a characteristic apple-green birefringence under polarized light.

Also: Congo red stain · amyloid birefringence · Congo red amyloid visualization · birefringence staining for amyloid

Acoustic nerve schwannoma Neoplasia of the nerve sheaths of the vestibular nerve showing histological alternation between densely cellular Antoni A areas and loose Antoni B areas.

Also: vestibular acoustic schwannoma · neurinoma of the internal auditory canal

Vestibular schwannoma Benign neoplasm originating from the Schwann cells of the vestibular nerve, clinically associated with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus.

Also: acoustic neuroma · acoustic schwannoma · tumor of the eighth cranial nerve

Amplicon-directed sequencing High-throughput sequencing method that amplifies specific regions of the genome by polymerase chain reaction before analysis.

Also: targeted amplicon sequencing · sequencing of targeted DNA panels · molecular targeted sequencing by amplicon · NGS panel of targeted amplicons

Testicular seminoma Malignant germ cell neoplasm composed of uniform sheets of polygonal cells with cytoplasm rich in glycogen, divided by fibrous septa infiltrated by lymphocytes.

Also: germ cell seminoma of the testis · testicular seminomatous germ cell tumor

Vesicular synaptophysin Integral membrane protein present in the synaptic vesicles of neurons and in the secretory vesicles of neuroendocrine cells.

Also: synaptophysin marker · synaptophysin vesicular protein · neuroendocrine differentiation marker synaptophysin · small vesicle synaptophysin

Pancreatic somatostatinoma Delta cell neuroendocrine neoplasm that autonomously secretes somatostatin, inhibiting multiple associated gastrointestinal hormones.

Also: pancreatic somatostatin-secreting tumor · pancreatic delta cell neoplasia

SPECT with radioisotopes Single photon emission computed tomography technique that allows three-dimensional reconstruction of the distribution of a functional radiopharmaceutical in the body.

Also: single photon tomography · Oncological reconstruction SPECT · Functional visualization oncological SPECT · metabolic single photon tomography

SPECT with molecular radioisotopes Single-photon computed tomography that provides three-dimensional images of metabolic processes and cellular receptors through the use of molecular tracers.

Also: molecular single photon emission tomography · Functional diagnostic SPECT · nuclear single photon emission tomography · Oncological molecular SPECT

Coding non-synonymous nucleotide substitution Mutation that changes a nitrogenous base in an active exon of a gene, directly altering the amino acid sequence of the final protein.

Also: non-synonymous codon substitution · coding altered sense mutation · non-synonymous coding nucleotide substitution · non-synonymous mutation of coding codon

Silent synonymous nucleotide substitution Nucleotide change in DNA that gives rise to a codon that codes for the same original amino acid, preserving the sequence of the protein.

Also: silent synonymous substitution of base · silent exon mutation · silent synonymous nucleotide substitution · synonymous molecular exon mutation

Substitution of genomic nucleotides Point mutation characterized by the replacement of one nitrogenous base with another within the DNA sequence of a cell.

Also: genomic point base mutation · DNA nucleotide substitution · nucleotide base substitution · point mutation of DNA sequence

Non-synonymous substitution Single nucleotide change in the DNA sequence that alters the codon and results in the incorporation of a different amino acid into the protein.

Also: incorrect meaning substitution · non-synonymous nucleotide mutation

Synonymous substitution Point mutation in DNA that modifies a nucleotide without altering the resulting amino acid, keeping the primary structure of the protein intact.

Also: silent substitution · synonymous DNA mutation

Breast antiestrogenic tamoxifen Selective estrogen receptor modulator that competitively blocks estrogenic hormonal binding in breast tissue.

Also: selective breast tamoxifen · selective estrogen receptor modulator · selective antiestrogenic breast tamoxifen · competitive breast estrogen receptor modulator

Ovarian thecoma Benign ovarian stromal neoplasia composed of sheets of spindle cells filled with thecal-type lipids that produce active estrogens systemically.

Also: ovarian thecal cell tumor · ovarian stromal thecoma

Teletherapy with linear accelerator Technique for administering ionizing radiation using external beams generated by a particle accelerator directed precisely toward the tumor volume.

Also: external beam radiotherapy with accelerator · oncological linear teletherapy · high precision external teletherapy with accelerator · external linear accelerator radiotherapy

CAR-T cell therapy Immunotherapy cellular treatment consisting of the genetic design of the patient's T lymphocytes to express a tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptor.

Also: adoptive cellular immunotherapy with CAR-T · modified immunogenic cell therapy · modified CAR-T lymphocytes · immunological cellular gene therapy

Molecular target therapy Oncological treatment specifically targeting critical intracellular signaling molecules or pathways involved in tumor growth.

Also: targeted treatment · precision molecular chemotherapy · molecular targeted biological therapy · molecular tumor target blocker

Differentiated teratoma Germ cell neoplasia composed of a mixture of well-differentiated tissues derived from ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, without immature embryonic elements.

Also: mature differentiated teratoma · benign structured teratoma

Sacrococcygeal teratoma Congenital tumor that arises in the sacrococcygeal region and contains tissues derived from the three embryonic germ layers, common in neonates.

Also: neonatal sacrococcygeal teratoma · sacrococcygeal germ cell neoplasia

Mediastinal thymoma Epithelial neoplasia originating in the thymus, characterized by a mixture of thymic epithelial cells and associated mature non-neoplastic lymphocytes.

Also: thymic epithelial tumor · mediastinal thymic neoplasia · anterior mediastinal thymoma · mediastinal epithelial thymoma · thymic neoplasia of the anterior mediastinum

Melanic Fontana-Masson stain Histochemical stain that takes advantage of the reducing capacity of melanin to deposit metallic silver and stain the pigment granules black.

Also: Fontana-Masson silver impregnation · Fontana melanin stain · Fontana-Masson melanic histochemistry · melanin silver staining

Fungal Grocott stain Histological technique based on silver impregnation that selectively stains the cell walls of fungi and yeast in a black or dark brown color.

Also: Grocott's silver methenamine stain · Grocott fungal stain · fungal silver Grocott stain · Grocott impregnation for fungi

Epithelial mucicarmine stain Staining technique that selectively stains acidic mucin of epithelial origin in carmine red, facilitating the diagnosis of mucus-producing adenocarcinomas.

Also: Mayer's mucicarmine stain · epithelial mucin stain · epithelial Mayer's mucicarmine · mucicarmine mucin stain

Ferric Perls stain Chemical reaction based on Prussian blue that stains non-heme trivalent iron deposits a bright blue color in tissue sections.

Also: Perls Prussian blue stain · Perls hemosiderin stain · ferric Perls Prussian blue · Perls chemical stain for iron

Von Kossa calcium stain Indirect histochemical technique that precipitates metallic silver on phosphate deposits or other insoluble calcium compounds, coloring them black or dark brown.

Also: von Kossa calcium phosphate stain · calcium silver stain · von Kossa of calcium precipitation · von Kossa calcium phosphate stain

Thyroidectomy Surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland, indicated in cases of neoplasia, obstructive goiters or refractory hyperthyroidism.

Also: thyroid removal · oncological thyroidectomy · thyroid resection

Dose-limiting toxicity of drugs Appearance of clinically unacceptable harmful effects that strictly prevent increasing the amount of an oncological treatment medication.

Also: Pharmacological DLT · dose-restrictive limiting toxicity · oncological pharmacological limiting toxicity · Restrictive DLT due to toxicity

Dose-limiting toxicity Serious adverse effects of an oncological drug that prevent continued progressive increase in the dose or require its reduction.

Also: dose-limiting toxicity · DLT · dose-restrictive toxicity · Limiting clinical DLD · restrictive toxicity of oncological drugs

Transition from epithelium to cellular mesenchyme Biological process in which a cell with an epithelial phenotype suppresses its morphological polarity and physical unions to transform into a cell with mesenchymal motility.

Also: epithelial-mesenchymal cellular transition · phenotypic change to mesenchyme · active cellular epithelial-mesenchymal transition · cellular mesenchymal phenotypic change

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition Biological process in which epithelial cells lose their polarity and intercellular adhesion to acquire mesenchymal-type migratory properties.

Also: epithelial-mesenchymal transition · EMT · cell phenotypic change

Active molecular epithelial-mesenchymal transition Active biological process where tumor cells alter their transcription profiles to acquire invasive and migratory behavior.

Also: Active molecular EMT · functional epithelial-mesenchymal transition · Invasion active molecular EMT · active tumor epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Translocation of chromosomal genes Chromosomal alteration characterized by the exchange of DNA segments between non-homologous chromosomes, which can generate the transcription of chimeric genes.

Also: fusion gene translocation · reciprocal chromosome rearrangement · reciprocal chromosome translocation · molecular fusion gene translocation

Therapeutic monoclonal Trastuzumab Humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to the extracellular domain of the HER2 receptor, blocking its proliferative mitogenic signaling.

Also: therapeutic trastuzumab antibody · humanized anti-HER2 antibody · selective therapeutic monoclonal trastuzumab · humanized recombinant anti-HER2 antibody

Masson's tissue trichrome Special histological stain that allows differentiation of blue or green collagen fibers from muscle fibers and red cytoplasm.

Also: collagen trichrome stain · Histological Masson · Masson's trichrome collagen · Masson's special stain

Ovarian epithelial Brenner tumor Histological variant of ovarian Brenner characterized by the presence of cells that mimic the urothelium immersed in fibrous stromal tissue.

Also: Brenner ovarian epithelial · Ovarian Brenner neoplasia · Brenner benign epithelial ovarian · epithelial ovarian Brenner neoplasia

Granulosa cell tumor Ovarian neoplasia derived from the stroma of the sexual cords that has the capacity to produce estrogens and cause uterine bleeding.

Also: granulosa tumor · granulosa cell neoplasia

Ovarian stromal granulosa cell tumor Slow-growing, low-grade ovarian neoplasia that is histologically characterized by presenting microfollicular formations called Call-Exner bodies.

Also: ovarian stromal granulosa · ovarian granulosa tumor · granulosa stromal cell tumor · ovarian stromal granulosa neoplasia

Giant cell tumor of bone Locally aggressive bone neoplasm characterized by the proliferation of mononuclear stromal cells mixed with numerous multinucleated giant cells of the osteoclast type.

Also: osteoclastoma · bone giant cell tumor

Krukenberg tumor Ovarian metastasis from a primary mucinous neoplasm, usually of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by signet ring cells.

Also: Krukenberg ovarian metastasis · Krukenberg carcinoma

Secondary Krukenberg tumor Bilateral metastatic ovarian neoplasia characterized histologically by a diffuse infiltration of tumor cells filled with intracytoplasmic mucin.

Also: Krukenberg secondary bilateral · ovarian Krukenberg metastasis · Krukenberg secondary metastatic · bilateral ovarian Krukenberg metastasis

Sertoli-Leydig tumor Testicular or ovarian neoplasia composed of cells that emulate normal tubular and stromal structures, with the potential to secrete androgens.

Also: Sertoli-Leydig sexual cord tumor · arrhenoblastoma

Differentiated testicular Sertoli-Leydig tumor Neoplasia of the sex cords of the testis showing well-developed tubular structures lined by Sertoli cells and stromal Leydig cells.

Also: Sertoli-Leydig differentiated testis · Sertoli-Leydig testicular stromal tumor · Sertoli-Leydig differentiated testicular oncology · Sertoli-Leydig testicular neoplasia

Wilms tumor Embryonic kidney neoplasia that occurs in childhood and is sometimes associated with genetic syndromes such as WAGR or Denys-Drash syndrome.

Also: Wilms nephroblastoma · Wilms kidney tumor

Childhood renal Wilms tumor Malignant renal tumor mass characterized microscopically by the tricolor coexistence of blastema, primitive epithelium and immature stroma.

Also: Wilms children's kidney · childhood embryonic kidney tumor · Wilms pediatric renal oncology · infantile Wilms embryonal renal tumor

Yolk sac tumor Germ cell neoplasia characterized by the production of alpha-fetoprotein and the histological presence of Schiller-Duval bodies.

Also: endodermal sinus tumor · yolk sac neoplasia

Primitive ovarian yolk sac tumor Highly aggressive ovarian germ cell neoplasia that mimics the structures of the early embryonic yolk sac.

Also: primitive ovarian yolk sac · ovarian yolk sac neoplasia · ovarian yolk sac germ cell tumor · primitive yolk sac neoplasia

Lumpectomy Surgical removal of a delimited tumor mass along with a small margin of surrounding healthy tissue, preserving the rest of the organ structure.

Also: oncological tumorectomy · localized tumor resection · lumpectomy

Oncological driver variation Alteration of sequence or structure in DNA that plays a causal and active role in the induction or maintenance of the neoplastic phenotype.

Also: molecular driver variant · causal change of the tumor · conduction change oncological driver · tumor conductive alteration

Vemurafenib specific inhibitor Small molecule inhibitor designed to block the enzymatic activity of the V600E mutated form of BRAF serine-threonine kinase.

Also: vemurafenib BRAF inhibitor · mutated BRAF specific inhibitor · mutated specific inhibitor vemurafenib · selective blocker of mutated BRAF kinase

Stromal vimentin Intermediate filament protein expressed almost exclusively in cells of the mesenchymal lineage, used histologically to characterize non-epithelial neoplasms.

Also: vimentin intermediate filament · vimentine mesenchymal lineage marker · vimentin marker of mesenchymal lineage · vimentin filament protein

Pancreatic Vipoma Neuroendocrine neoplasia that autonomously secretes vasoactive intestinal peptide, triggering profuse watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and achlorhydria.

Also: VIP-producing pancreatic tumor · pancreatic Verner-Morrison syndrome

Oncology and pathological anatomy

Other glossary specialties