Urinary acanthocytes Erythrocytes with ring-shaped cytoplasmic projections or spicules that constitute the most specific marker of glomerular hematuria.

Also: G3 cells · red blood cells in a ring with yolks

Autologous vascular access Hemodialysis fistula constructed using the patient's own native blood vessels, offering greater permeability and a lower infection rate.

Also: Autologous AVF

Hemodialysis vascular access Surgically created entry route into the bloodstream that allows sufficient blood flow to perform extracorporeal purification.

Also: hemodialysis access

Rescue hemodialysis vascular access Urgent creation of an alternative access or complex graft in patients with exhaustion of conventional native vascular beds.

Also: complex vascular access

Prosthetic vascular access Synthetic material graft surgically inserted between an artery and a vein when the native vessels are not suitable for hemodialysis.

Also: polytetrafluoroethylene graft · PTFE graft · Prosthetic AVF

High anion gap metabolic acidosis Acid-base disorder caused by the accumulation or overproduction of unmeasured non-volatile fixed acids in the plasma.

Also: normochloremic metabolic acidosis · high gap acidosis

Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis Acidosis characterized by the direct loss of bicarbonate compensated by the gain of chlorine, keeping the difference between cations and anions stable.

Also: hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis

Distal renal tubular acidosis Disorder characterized by the inability of the alpha intercalated cells of the collecting duct to secrete hydrogen ions, causing hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.

Also: ATR type 1 · Distal RTA

Autosomal dominant distal renal tubular acidosis Hereditary mutation in the AE1 exchanger that alters proton secretion, manifesting with severe acidosis and hypercalciuria.

Also: AD distal ATR

Autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis Mutation in the proton-secreting ATPase genes that causes metabolic acidosis, early sensorineural deafness and nephrocalcinosis.

Also: Distal ATR RA with deafness

Hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis Tubular dysfunction characterized by hypoaldosteronism or resistance to aldosterone that generates hyperchloremic acidosis associated with potassium retention.

Also: ATR type 4 · Hyperkalemic RTA

Proximal renal tubular acidosis Defect in the reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate in the proximal convoluted tubule, which reduces the plasma bicarbonate threshold.

Also: ATR type 2 · Proximal RTA

Paradoxical aciduria Excretion of acidic urine in the presence of systemic metabolic alkalosis, typical of severe volume, chloride and potassium depletion.

Also: aciduria with systemic alkalosis

Paradoxical aciduria with volume depletion Abnormal secretion of acidic urine due to the stimulation of aldosterone to retain sodium and hydrogen ions despite severe metabolic alkalosis.

Also: urinary acidosis in hypovolemic alkalosis

Clearance clearance Methodological term that describes the comparative analysis of the fractional clearance of toxins in different compartments of the dialyzer.

Also: partial clearing debugging

Free water clarification Volume of solute-free water that the kidney must add or eliminate from the urine to maintain plasma isotonicity.

Also: free water purification · free water clearance

Measured creatinine clearance Determination of glomerular filtration rate based on 24-hour urine collection and simultaneous measurement in serum.

Also: measured creatinine clearance · 24-hour urine clearance

Creatinine clearance measured in 24-hour urine Physiological determination of kidney function based on the urinary creatinine concentration multiplied by the minute volume and divided by the serum creatinine.

Also: creatinine clearance in 24 hours

Inulin clearance Reference standard to measure the glomerular filtration rate because it is freely filtered and is not reabsorbed or secreted.

Also: inulin clearance · inulin clearance

Peritoneal creatinine clearance Quantitative measurement of the volume of plasma cleared of creatinine per unit of time through peritoneal exchange.

Also: peritoneal creatinine clearance

Accumulation of organic acids Abnormal increase in endogenous anions such as lactate or keto acids in the plasma that causes metabolic acidosis with a high anion gap.

Also: retention of organic acids

Dialysis adequacy Comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of replacement therapy to ensure adequate elimination of toxins and fluid control.

Also: dialysis sufficiency

Adaptation of the hemodialysis dose Comprehensive evaluation of clinical and analytical parameters that certify that the patient receives the prescribed dose of solute clearance.

Also: HD sufficiency

Peritoneal adequacy Quantitative measurement of urea and medium solute clearance achieved through the use of peritoneal dialysis.

Also: Peritoneal Kt/V

Renal agenesis Congenital unilateral or bilateral absence of kidney development from the ureteral bud.

Also: congenital absence of kidney

Extracellular body water Component of the total body water that is located outside the cellular space and that includes the plasma, interstitium and transcellular.

Also: extracellular ACT

Intracellular body water Total water fraction retained inside the cell membranes, representing the largest liquid store of the organism.

Also: Intracellular ACT

Total body water Total amount of water contained in the body, which represents approximately 60% of body weight in adult men and 50% in women.

Also: ACT · body water volume

Non-nephrotic range albuminuria High urinary protein excretion but lower than the massive levels required to define a classic nephrotic syndrome.

Also: subnephrotic proteinuria

AA Amyloidosis Systemic deposition of amyloid proteins composed of acute phase reactants in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.

Also: secondary amyloidosis · reactive amyloidosis

AL Amyloidosis Disorder due to deposition of amyloid fibrils derived from monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains, with severe cardiac and renal involvement.

Also: light chain amyloidosis · primary amyloidosis

Renal amyloidosis Pathological extracellular deposition of amyloid fibrils in the glomerulus, vessels and interstitium, which typically generates massive proteinuria and renal failure.

Also: glomerular amyloidosis

Ammoniuria Production and urinary excretion of ammonia gas and ammonium ions, the main renal mechanism for the net elimination of acids.

Also: urinary ammonium · ammonium excretion

Calcium sensing receptor analogue Calcimimetic drug that allosterically binds to parathyroid calcium receptors to reduce parathyroid hormone secretion.

Also: allosteric calcimimetic

Selective vitamin D analogues Drugs such as paracalcitol that activate the parathyroid vitamin D receptor, inducing less digestive absorption of calcium.

Also: selective RVD agonists

Latero-lateral anastomosis Lateral surgical connection between the artery and vein to create an internal arteriovenous fistula.

Also: lateral-lateral fistula

End-lateral anastomosis Fistula surgical technique where the end of the vein joins the side of the sending artery.

Also: end-to-side veno-arterial anastomosis

Renal carbonic anhydrase Enzyme present in the cytoplasm and tubular brush border that catalyzes the interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons.

Also: Kidney AC · tubular carbonic anhydrase

Urinary anion gap Indirect estimation of urinary ammonium excretion used to differentiate the causes of metabolic acidosis with normal plasma anion gap.

Also: urinary anion gap · Urinary AG

Juxtaglomerular apparatus Endocrine and sensory complex located near the vascular pole of the glomerulus that regulates blood pressure and filtration rate.

Also: juxtaglomerular complex

Aquaporin-2 Water channel regulated by vasopressin that inserts into the apical membrane of the collecting duct to allow water reabsorption.

Also: AQP2 · ADH-sensitive water channel

Aquaporin-3 Constitutive basolateral water channel in the collecting duct that facilitates the egress of reabsorbed water into the interstitium.

Also: AQP3

Aquaporin-4 Basolateral water channel protein that assists in the outflow of water from the main cells of the collecting duct.

Also: AQP4

Renal afferent arteriole High-resistance blood vessel that introduces systemic blood flow to the glomerulus, regulating the glomerular filtration rate.

Also: afferent glomerular arteriole

Renal efferent arteriole Vessel that drains blood out of the glomerulus, whose selective constriction increases intraglomerular hydrostatic pressure.

Also: efferent glomerular arteriole

Intimal arteritis of the kidney graft Inflammation and swelling of the endothelial cells of the arteries of the transplanted kidney by inflammatory cells, a sign of severe cellular rejection.

Also: transplant endotheliitis

Loop of Henle Fork-shaped portion that connects the proximal tubule with the distal tubule, essential for generating the medullary osmotic gradient.

Also: nephronic loop · Henle segment

Kidney atrophy Decrease in kidney size due to irreversible loss of nephrons and fibrosis of the parenchyma.

Also: atrophic kidney · chronic end-stage renal disease

Glomerular filtration barrier Trilaminar structure composed of the fenestrated endothelium, the glomerular basement membrane and the slit diaphragms of the podocytes.

Also: glomerular barrier · glomerular filter

Standard baking soda Plasma bicarbonate concentration measured under standard conditions of oxygenation and carbon dioxide pressure.

Also: standardized concentration of bicarbonate

Bicarbonaturia Abnormal presence of high amounts of bicarbonate in the urine due to a proximal reabsorption defect or systemic compensation.

Also: urinary bicarbonate excretion

Acetazolamide-induced bicarbonaturia Massive urinary excretion of sodium bicarbonate caused by pharmacological inhibition of renal carbonic anhydrase.

Also: urinary loss of bicarbonate due to acetazolamide

Vacuolar proton pump Active type V ATPase located in the apical membrane of intercalated A cells that actively secretes protons.

Also: Vacuolar H+-ATPase · apical hydrogen ion pump

Sodium-potassium pump Basolateral ATPase present in all tubular epithelial cells that generates the sodium gradient necessary for secondary transport.

Also: Na+/K+-ATPase · sodium-potassium pump

Brush edge Specialization of the apical membrane of the proximal tubule cells constituted by dense microvilli intended to maximize the absorptive surface.

Also: tubular brush edge · renal apical microvilli

Serum anion gap Clinical parameter that estimates the presence of unmeasured anions in the serum calculated by the formula that subtracts chlorine and bicarbonate from sodium.

Also: plasma anion gap · serum anion gap

Osmolar gap Difference between osmolality measured in the laboratory and that calculated by formula, whose increase suggests the presence of unmeasured solutes such as alcohols.

Also: osmolal gap · osmolar gap · osmolal gap

Urinary osmolar gap Difference between the measured and calculated urinary osmolality, used to more accurately calculate the concentration of ammonium in the urine.

Also: urinary osmolar gap · urinary osmolal gap

Muscle cramp induced by ultrafiltration Acute spasm caused by violent contraction of the muscle due to emptying of the interstitial space during accelerated dialysis.

Also: cramp due to rapid ultrafiltration

Post-dialysis muscle cramp Involuntary painful muscle contraction that commonly occurs at the end of the dialysis session due to rapid volume or sodium depletion.

Also: dialysis ramp

Calcification of the arterial tunica media Linear deposition of calcium and phosphorus in the middle layer of medium- and large-caliber elastic arteries, a marker of arterial stiffness in CKD.

Also: Mönckeberg vascular calcification

Medial vascular calcification Deposition of calcium hydroxyapatite in the tunica media of the arteries, common in chronic kidney disease and promoted by hyperphosphatiemia.

Also: uremic Mönckeberg sclerosis · calcification of the media

Calciuria Amount of calcium excreted in the urine in 24 hours, used in the study of nephrolithiasis and metabolic bone disorders.

Also: urinary calcium · calcium excretion

Epithelial sodium channel Ion channel in the apical membrane of the principal cells of the collecting duct that mediates sodium reabsorption stimulated by aldosterone.

Also: ENaC · epithelial sodium channel

Renal potassium channel of the outer medulla Apical canal that allows potassium recycling into the tubular lumen, maintaining the functioning of NKCC2 in the loop of Henle.

Also: ROMK · renal apical potassium channel

Apical ion channels of the proximal tubule Integral proteins in the brush border that facilitate the passive passage of solutes down their electrochemical gradient.

Also: apical channels of the TCP

Bowman's capsule Double-walled saccular structure that surrounds the glomerulus and receives plasma ultrafiltrate from the filtration barrier.

Also: Bowman space · glomerular capsule

Lanthanum carbonate Very powerful, calcium-free phosphate binder that efficiently reduces gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorus.

Also: lanthanum binder

Mesangial karyorrhexis Fragmentation of the nuclei of mesangial or endothelial cells, characteristic of necrotizing glomerular inflammation.

Also: glomerular nuclear fragmentation

Peritoneal dialysis catheter Flexible biocompatible silicone tube surgically implanted in the peritoneal cavity to infuse and drain dialysate.

Also: Tenkhoff catheter

Non-tunneled hemodialysis catheter Short-term direct insertion central venous line used for emergency hemodialysis in acute patients.

Also: temporary dialysis catheter · Shaldon catheter

Tunneled hemodialysis catheter Temporary or permanent vascular access device that is inserted into a central vein and guided subcutaneously to reduce infections.

Also: indwelling hemodialysis catheter · Permcath

Tunneled silicone catheter Biocompatible device inserted subcutaneously with a Dacron sleeve that prevents bacterial migration along the path.

Also: indwelling catheter with Dacron

Temporary non-tunneled central venous catheter Direct insertion device by percutaneous puncture used for acute hemodialysis accesses of very short duration.

Also: short-term catheter

BK virus inclusion cell Urinary epithelial cell containing a frosted hypertrophic nucleus with pure viral inclusions of polyomavirus.

Also: BK virus target cell

Mesangial support cell Cell that provides mechanical scaffolding to glomerular capillaries and regulates capillary contraction in response to angiotensin II.

Also: mesangial contractile cells

Type A intercalated cell Collecting duct cell that actively secretes hydrogen ions and reabsorbs potassium, playing a key role in the defense against acidosis.

Also: alpha interleaved cell · acid-secreting cell

Type B intercalated cell Cell of the collecting duct that secretes bicarbonate and reabsorbs hydrogen ions through apical chloride-bicarbonate transporters.

Also: beta intercalated cell · base secretory cell

Mesangial cell Specialized cell of the glomerulus with contractile and support properties that synthesizes the mesangial extracellular matrix.

Also: intraglomerular mesangial cell · mesangiocyte

Extraglomerular mesangial cell Cell of the juxtaglomerular apparatus morphologically similar to the internal mesangial cells but involved in signaling from the tubule to the glomerulus.

Also: Lacis cell

Main cell of the collecting duct Cell of the collecting tubule responsible for the reabsorption of sodium and water, and the secretion of potassium.

Also: main cell · clear cells of the collecting duct

Lacis cells Mesangial cells located outside the glomerulus, in the space between the arterioles and the macula dense, involved in feedback.

Also: extraglomerular mesangial cells · Goormaghtigh cells

Proximal tubular epithelial cells Cells equipped with a highly dense apical edge of microvilli and a great abundance of mitochondria destined for the mass transport of solutes.

Also: TCP cells

Renal interstitial cells Population of renal stromal cells that synthesize erythropoietin, extracellular matrix and local vasoactive mediators.

Also: renal fibroblasts · erythropoietin-producing cells

Decoy cells Desquamated tubular epithelial cells in urine showing viral intranuclear inclusions typical of BK virus replication.

Also: decoy cells · urine decoy cells

BK virus decoy cells in urinary sediment Desquamated epithelial cells with large homogeneous basophilic nuclei observable in urine cytological examination.

Also: urinary decoy cells

Juxtaglomerular cells Modified smooth muscle cells located in the afferent arteriole that synthesize, store and release renin.

Also: kidney granular cells · renal myoepithelioid cells

Renal cortical scar Fibrous defect in the renal cortex secondary to a focal infarction or previous episodes of chronic pyelonephritis.

Also: renal parenchymal scar

Post-infectious renal cortical scar Fibrotic defect of the renal cortex visible on ultrasound or DMSA scan secondary to a previous episode of acute pyelonephritis.

Also: healing of pyelonephritis

Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate Non-absorbable inorganic compound that selectively captures potassium in the gastrointestinal tract for the treatment of hyperkalemia.

Also: SZC · inorganic potassium chelator

Cilindro ceroso Wide, homogeneous cast formed by the long-term degradation of granular casts, characteristic of advanced kidney disease.

Also: wax cylinder · kidney failure cylinder

Cilindro eritrocitario Intratubular aggregate of red blood cells embedded in Tamm-Horsfall protein, highly suggestive of glomerular bleeding or active glomerulonephritis.

Also: hematic cylinder · red blood cell cylinders

Grainy cylinder Intratubular structure that contains degraded cellular debris, pathognomonic of tubular cell damage such as acute tubular necrosis.

Also: cylinder of cellular debris · granular cylinder

Hyaline cylinder Tubular mold composed mainly of Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein, which can be found in states of dehydration or intense exercise.

Also: simple hyaline cylinder

Leukocyte cylinder Structure formed by the aggregation of white blood cells in the tubules, indicative of active renal parenchymal inflammation or infection.

Also: cylinder of white blood cells · pyocyte cylinders

Cylinders of cellular debris Intratubular casts formed by fragments of membranes and organelles of necrotic epithelial cells desquamated during ATN.

Also: tubular cellular debris · detrital cylinders

Cinacalcet Calcimimetic drug that increases the sensitivity of the parathyroid calcium sensor receptor, decreasing parathyroid hormone levels.

Also: calcimimetic agent

Cinacalcet hydrochloride Drug that reduces PTH by allosterically binding and sensitizing the calcium sensing receptor in the parathyroid glands.

Also: cinacalcet oral

Cystatin C Low molecular weight protein constantly synthesized by all nucleated cells, used as a precise biomarker of kidney function.

Also: plasma cystatin C

Diabetic autonomic cystopathy Chronic bladder neurological dysfunction in diabetic patients characterized by detrusor hypotonia and absence of sensation of filling.

Also: cystopathy of diabetes

Diabetic cystopathy Sensory and motor dysfunction of the urinary bladder secondary to diabetic autonomic neuropathy that causes chronic urinary retention.

Also: diabetic neurogenic bladder

Sevelamer hydrochloride Non-absorbable phosphorus-binding polymer that reduces plasma cholesterol and does not induce accelerated systemic calcification.

Also: sevelamer

Screening coefficient Measurement of the permeability of a dialysis membrane for a given solute, varying from zero to one.

Also: sieving coefficient · SC

Ultrafiltration coefficient Product of the surface area available for glomerular filtration due to the hydraulic conductivity of the membrane.

Also: Kf · glomerular filtration coefficient

Calcium-phosphorus complex Product of the multiplication of serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations, whose high value predisposes to metastatic calcification.

Also: calcium-phosphorus product · Ca-P product

Internal medullary collecting duct Terminal portion of the collecting ducts located in the inner medulla that drains the final urine towards the renal papilla.

Also: CCMI

Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 1 Low capacity but high affinity glucose transport protein expressed in the S3 terminal segment of the proximal tubule.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 High-capacity transporter protein in the proximal tubule that reabsorbs most of the filtered glucose.

Also: renal glucose transporter type 2

Na-Cl cotransporter Transporter located in the distal convoluted tubule blocked by thiazide diuretics.

Also: NCC · sodium and chlorine cotransporter

Na-K-2Cl cotransporter Membrane protein in the thick ascending portion that actively transports sodium, potassium and chloride, target of loop diuretics.

Also: NKCC2 · Henle triple transporter

Sodium-phosphate cotransporter Apical transporter of the proximal convoluted tubule whose activity is negatively regulated by parathyroid hormone and FGF-23.

Also: NaPi-IIa · renal Na/Pi cotransporter

Sodium-bicarbonate cotransport Basolateral transport mechanism mediated by the NBCe1 protein that exports bicarbonate and sodium to the peritubular capillary.

Also: NBCe1 · Na-HCO3 electrogenic cotransporter

Mixed cryoglobulinemia Vasculitis mediated by circulating immune complexes of cold-precipitating cryoglobulins, frequently associated with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.

Also: cryoglobulinemia type II and III

Uric acid crystal Crystal with a pleomorphic, rhomboidal or rosette morphology, yellow-brown in color, which precipitates in acidic urine.

Also: anhydrous urate crystals

Cystine crystal Flat, colorless hexagonal crystal pathognomonic of cystinuria, a hereditary defect in the transport of dibasic amino acids.

Also: cystine crystals in hexagon

Cholesterol crystal Rectangular plate-shaped crystal with cut corners indicating massive lipiduria in severe nephrotic syndrome.

Also: urinary cholesterol plaque

Ammonium magnesium phosphate crystal Crystal in the shape of a coffin lid or prism that forms in alkaline urine secondary to infections by urease-producing bacteria.

Also: struvite crystals · triple phosphate

Calcium oxalate dihydrate crystal Colorless urinary crystal with the shape of an envelope or octahedron, a common finding in non-pathological urinary sediment or in lithiasis.

Also: crystals in envelope · calcium oxalate dihydrate

Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal Colorless crystal in the shape of a dumbbell or ellipsoid, whose massive presence suggests ethylene glycol poisoning.

Also: whewellite crystals · calcium oxalate monohydrate

Oval fatty body Desquamated tubular epithelial cell loaded with lipid droplets that presents Maltese cross birefringence under polarized light, typical of nephrotic syndrome.

Also: fatty oval bodies · vacuolated epithelial cells

Subepithelial immune deposit Accumulation of immune complexes in the extracellular space located outside the glomerular basement membrane, typical of membranous nephropathy.

Mesangial deposit Presence of immune complexes or complement factors selectively located within the glomerular mesangial matrix.

Also: deposits in the mesangium

Mesangial deposition of immune complexes Accumulation of antibodies and complement proteins located in the mesangial intercapillary space, characteristic of Berger's disease.

Also: immune mesangial deposits

Suendothelial deposit Localization of immune complexes or cellular debris between the endothelial cell and the glomerular basement membrane, characteristic of MPGN and class IV lupus nephritis.

Also: subendothelial deposits

Subepithelial deposit Accumulation of immune complexes or proteins located between the glomerular basement membrane and podocytes, visible in electron microscopy.

Also: subepithelial deposits · glomerular spikes

Subendothelial immune deposits Accumulation of immune complexes and complement factors under the glomerular capillary endothelium, characteristic of active glomerulonephritis.

Also: subendothelial immune complexes

Subepithelial immune deposits Localization of immune aggregates between the glomerular basement membrane and podocytes, a distinctive characteristic of membranous nephropathy.

Also: subepithelial immune complexes

Subepithelial deposits in domes Projections of glomerular matrix called "spikes" that surround the subepithelial deposits in advanced membranous nephropathy.

Also: spike pattern in optical microscopy

Extracellular dehydration Fluid loss confined mainly to the intravascular and interstitial space, with conservation of intracellular volume.

Also: ECF volume depletion

Hypertonic dehydration Water loss that proportionally exceeds that of solutes, resulting in hypernatremia and hyperosmolality.

Also: hypernatremic dehydration · loss of free water

Hypotonic dehydration Loss of solutes that exceeds that of water, or excessive replacement of free water, which produces hyponatremia.

Also: hyponatremic dehydration · hypotonic volume depletion

Intracellular dehydration Decrease in cellular water content secondary to an increase in osmolarity in the extracellular space.

Also: pure cellular dehydration · cell shrinkage

Isotonic dehydration Proportional loss of water and electrolytes from the extracellular space without alterations in plasma osmolality.

Also: isotonic volume depletion · normonatremic dehydration

Glomerular filtration diaphragm Zipper-shaped protein structure that bridges the space between adjacent pedicels, limiting macromolecular filtration.

Also: podocyte filtration diaphragm

Slit diaphragm Ultra-specialized protein molecular structure that links neighboring pedicels and acts as the main size filter for proteins.

Also: filtration diaphragm · slit diaphragm

Automated peritoneal dialysis Dialysis mode in which a machine automatically performs peritoneal fluid cycling exchanges during the night.

Also: DPA · peritoneal dialysis by cycler

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis Home dialysis treatment where the exchange of peritoneal fluid is performed manually continuously during the day.

Also: DPCA · manual peritoneal dialysis

Pelocaliceal dilation Increase in the diameter of the calyces and renal pelvis visible by ultrasound, secondary to vesicoureteral obstruction or reflux.

Also: pyelocaliceal ectasia

Vesicosphincteric dyssynergia Lack of coordination between the contraction of the detrusor muscle of the bladder and the relaxation of the urethral sphincter during urination.

Also: DVE · detrusor-sphincter incoordination

Fibromuscular dysplasia of the renal artery Non-inflammatory or atherosclerotic vascular disease that produces renal artery stenosis in young women with a "rosary" appearance.

Also: DFM of renal artery · renal fibromuscular dysplasia

Kidney dysplasia Abnormal development of renal architecture during embryogenesis, giving rise to a non-functioning parenchyma with cysts and primitive tissue.

Also: multicystic renal dysplasia

Osmotic diuresis Increase in urine volume due to the presence of non-reabsorbable solutes in the tubular lumen, such as glucose or mannitol.

Also: solute-dependent diuresis

Potassium-sparing diuretic Pharmacological agent that increases diuresis by blocking ENaC channels or aldosterone receptors in the distal nephron.

Also: distal potassium-retaining diuretic

High ceiling loop diuretic Clinical name for diuretics such as bumetanide or furosemide due to its linear dose-response curve with high excretory capacity.

Also: potent loop diuretics

Loop diuretics Drugs that inhibit the NKCC2 cotransporter in the loop of Henle, promoting a marked excretion of sodium, water, potassium and calcium.

Also: Henle transporter inhibitors

Thiazidic diuretics Agents that inhibit the sodium chloride transporter in the distal convoluted tubule, increasing the excretion of water and sodium chloride.

Also: thiazides

Double contour Histological image of duplication of the glomerular basement membrane resulting from the interposition of mesangial cells in the subendothelial space.

Also: defolding of the glomerular basement membrane · tram-tracking

Double contour of the peritubular capillary basement membrane Pathognomonic ultrastructural histological finding of chronic endothelial damage mediated by antibodies in the kidney graft.

Also: duplication of basement membrane of peritubular capillaries

Double catheter lumen Internal configuration of hemodialysis catheters that has an arterial outlet route and a venous blood return route.

Also: double lumen catheter

Renal ectopia Developmental anomaly where the kidney is located outside its normal renal fossa, usually in the pelvis.

Also: ectopic kidney · pelvic kidney

Fenestrated endothelium Layer of endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries that has multiple pores to allow the free passage of water and small solutes.

Also: fenestrated glomerular endothelium

Minimal change disease Common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children, characterized by normal appearance in light microscopy but fusion of pedicels in electron microscopy.

Also: lipoid nephrosis · minimal change podocytopathy

Light chain deposition disease Variety of monoclonal gammopathy characterized by continuous non-amyloid deposits of light chains in the glomerular and tubular basement membranes.

Also: EDCL · non-amyloid deposition nephropathy

Dense deposit disease Variant of C3 glomerulopathy defined by the presence of extremely dense and continuous deposits within the glomerular basement membrane.

Also: membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II

Adynamic bone disease A form of renal osteodystrophy with low bone turnover characterized by profound suppression of bone matrix synthesis without osteoid deposits.

Also: EOA · renal adynamic bone

High turnover bone disease Uremic bone disorder characterized by osteoclastic and osteoblastic hyperactivity induced by persistently elevated PTH levels.

Also: renal fibrous osteitis

Low turnover bone disease Disorder of mineral metabolism in which the rate of bone formation and resorption is significantly reduced.

Also: low turnover bone disease

Anti-GBM antibody disease Severe autoimmune disease characterized by circulating antibodies directed against the alpha-3 chain of type IV collagen of basement membranes.

Also: Goodpasture's disease · antiglomerular basement membrane antibody syndrome

Dysmorphic erythrocytes Red blood cells that show structural deformations when observed in the urinary sediment, characteristic of the glomerular origin of hematuria.

Also: dysmorphic red blood cells · erythrocyte dysmorphism

Destructive encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis Terminal phase of peritoneal dialysis characterized by dense abdominal fibrosis with recurrent intestinal obstruction and malnutrition.

Also: Destructive PEE

Transcellular space Portion of the extracellular fluid confined in epithelial spaces such as cerebrospinal, intraocular, synovial and pleural fluid.

Also: transcellular volume · transcellular fluids

Stricture of the ureteral anastomosis Surgical complication in kidney transplant consisting of fibrotic narrowing of the junction between the implanted ureter and the bladder.

Also: neourethral stenosis

Renal artery stenosis Narrowing of the lumen of one or both renal arteries, secondary to atherosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia, causing renovascular hypertension.

Also: EAR · renal artery obstruction

Stenosis of the renal artery of the graft Vascular complication of the transplanted kidney that causes severe refractory hypertension and deterioration of renal function after the start of ACE inhibitors.

Also: EARI · arterial stenosis of kidney transplant

Cyclosporine-induced afferent arteriole stenosis Adverse hemodynamic side effect of calcineurin inhibitors resulting in renal hypoperfusion and acute graft dysfunction.

Also: hemodynamic nephrotoxicity due to cyclosporine

Ureteral stricture Pathological narrowing of the lumen of the ureter that can cause obstructive uropathy and secondary hydronephrosis.

Also: ureteral stenosis · ureteral obstruction

Ureteral stenosis of the graft Reduction of the lumen of the transplanted ureter causing obstructive uropathy, hydronephrosis and acute renal failure of the graft.

Also: stenosis of transplanted ureter

Venous access stenosis Fibrotic narrowing of the vascular access drainage vein that increases return pressure and reduces useful flow.

Also: hemodialysis access stenosis

Etelcalcetide Calcium sensor receptor agonist peptide for intravenous administration used to suppress parathyroid hormone in hemodialysis.

Also: intravenous calcimimetic

Excess bases Quantitative measurement of the metabolic component of an acid-base disorder that indicates the milliequivalents of acid or base to normalize pH.

Also: EB · base excess

Acute peritoneal ultrafiltration failure Sudden loss of the ability to extract free water through the peritoneal membrane due to active peritonitis or catheter malposition.

Also: acute ultrafiltration dysfunction in PD

Peritoneal membrane failure Loss of biological integrity and solute clearance capacity of the peritoneal serosa after years of exposure to hypertonic dialysis solutions.

Also: peritoneal sclerosis

Peritoneal ultrafiltration failure Progressive loss of the capacity of the peritoneal membrane to eliminate scheduled free water due to fibrosis or angiogenesis.

Also: ultrafiltration loss in DP

Glomerular collagen fibers Abnormal deposition of type III collagen within the mesangium and subendothelium in glomerular collagenofibrosis.

Also: glomerular collagenofibrosis

Retroperitoneal fibrosis Disorder characterized by the proliferation of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space, frequently compressing the ureters.

Also: Ormond's disease · periaortic fibrosis

Finerenone Selective non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist indicated to reduce the risk of progression in diabetic kidney disease.

Also: Non-steroidal ARM

Arteriovenous fistula with vascular prosthesis Synthetic graft that surgically interconnects an arterial vessel with a venous vessel to serve as venous access for hemodialysis.

Also: prosthetic fistula · hemodialysis vascular graft

Internal arteriovenous fistula Direct surgical anastomosis between an artery and a subcutaneous vein intended to mature the vessel for hemodialysis accesses.

Also: FAVI · native vascular access

Peritubular capillary flow Low pressure microcirculation that surrounds the renal cortex to facilitate the massive exchange of water and reabsorbed solutes.

Also: cortical peritubular perfusion

Renal plasma flow Volume of plasma that perfuses the kidneys per unit of time, a key determinant of glomerular filtration.

Also: FPR · renal plasma flow

Renal blood flow Total volume of blood that enters the kidneys per minute, corresponding to approximately 20% of cardiac output at rest.

Also: FSR · total renal perfusion

Phosphaturia Phosphate excretion through urine, regulated mainly by parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor 23.

Also: urinary phosphate · phosphorus excretion

Fibroblast growth factor 23-induced phosphaturia Urinary phosphorus excretion stimulated by FGF-23 through internalization of apical sodium-phosphate transporters in the proximal tubule.

Also: FGF-23-mediated phosphaturia

Parathyroid hormone-induced phosphaturia Urinary phosphate excretion increased by the action of PTH to remove apical sodium-phosphate transporters in the TCP.

Also: PTH-induced phosphate clearance

Potassium excretion fraction Proportion of filtered potassium that is eliminated in the urine, used in the diagnostic evaluation of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.

Also: FEK · fraction of potassium excreted

Sodium excretion fraction Percentage of filtered sodium that is finally excreted in the urine, useful to differentiate prerenal acute kidney injury from acute tubular necrosis.

Also: FENa · fraction of sodium excreted

Clinically useful urea excretion fraction Useful parameter to guide the differential diagnosis of acute kidney injury in patients under the influence of loop diuretics.

Also: FEU of clinical utility

Filtration fraction Relationship between the glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow, indicating the proportion of filtered plasma.

Also: FF · TFG/FPR ratio

Urea fraction excreted Percentage of filtered urea that is eliminated in the urine, useful for diagnosis in acute renal failure under diuretic therapy.

Also: FEU · urea excretion fraction

Fusion of pedicels Generalized retraction and effacement of secondary podocyte processes observable under electron microscopy, indicative of podocytopathy.

Also: podocyte effacement · effacement of pedicels

Hyperplastic parathyroid gland Increase in parathyroid volume characterized histologically by diffuse or nodular hyperplasia due to chronic uremic stimulation.

Also: secondary parathyroid hyperplasia

Glomerulosclerosis Chronic scarring or hardening of the glomerular capillary tuft due to replacement of its functional structures by acellular collagen tissue.

Also: glomerular sclerosis · glomerular scarring

Focal glomerulosclerosis Sclerosis of the glomerular architecture that affects a limited subset of the glomeruli in the biopsy sample.

Also: focal sclerosis of glomeruli

Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis Histological pattern of glomerular lesion characterized by sclerosis in some glomeruli and involving only part of the ball.

Also: GEFS · focal glomerular sclerosis

Global glomerulosclerosis Sclerosis and complete collapse of the glomerular tuft that obliterate all the lumens of the glomerular capillaries.

Also: global glomerular sclerosis

Nodular glomerulosclerosis Structural alteration typical of advanced diabetic nephropathy characterized by lobulated mesangial deposits of extracellular matrix.

Also: advanced Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesion

Segmental glomerulosclerosis Localized scarring that affects only a portion or segment of the glomerular tuft of the nephron.

Also: segmental sclerosis of the glomerulus

Glomerulomegaly Pathological increase in the diameter or global volume of the glomerulus, associated with states of compensatory hemodynamic hyperfiltration.

Also: giant glomeruli · glomerular enlargement

Fibrillar glomerulonephritis Glomerulopathy characterized by glomerular deposits of non-amyloid polymerized fibrils that do not stain with Congo red but are immunoreactive for IgG.

Also: fibrillary glomerulopathy

Class IV lupus glomerulonephritis Most severe and common histological type of lupus nephritis, characterized by diffuse segmental or global glomerulonephritis with subendothelial deposits.

Also: diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Pattern of glomerular damage characterized by mesangial hypercellularity, duplication of the glomerular basement membrane and subendothelial immune deposits.

Also: GNMP · lobar glomerulonephritis · mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I Variant characterized by the deposition of immune complexes and complement in the subendothelial space with splitting of the basement membrane.

Also: Classical subendothelial MPGN

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type III Uncommon form of MPGN that associates concurrent subendothelial and subepithelial deposits with distortion of the basal architecture.

Also: GNMP type III variant

Pauciimmune glomerulonephritis Glomerulonephritis with necrosis and crescents characterized by the absence or scarcity of immunoglobulin and complement deposits, frequently ANCA positive.

Also: pauciimmune GN · pauciimmune vasculitis

Post-infectious glomerulonephritis Acute immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis that typically appears weeks after a streptococcal pharyngeal or skin infection.

Also: poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis · Acute diffuse GN

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis Clinical syndrome characterized by a rapid deterioration of renal function associated with the histological presence of epithelial crescents in the biopsy.

Also: Extracapillary GN · crescentic glomerulonephritis

Glomerulopathy associated with obesity Glomerular histological damage characterized by severe glomerulomegaly and focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis secondary to chronic hyperfiltration in obese individuals.

Also: ORG · glomerulopathy due to obesity

Collapsing glomerulopathy Severe histological variant of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with global collapse of the capillary bundle and podocyte hyperplasia.

Also: GEFS collapsing variant

Drug-associated collapsing glomerulopathy Severe collapse of the glomerular tuft and podocyte hyperplasia induced by the direct toxicity of agents such as pamidronate.

Also: drug-induced glomerular collapse

HIV-associated collapsing glomerulopathy Destructive and hyperplastic podocyte damage with vascular collapse that affects patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.

Also: HIV nephropathy · HIVAN

Idiopathic collapsing glomerulopathy Aggressive subtype of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis that occurs in the absence of viral infections or known triggering drugs.

Also: primary glomerular collapse

Collapsing glomerulopathy due to parvovirus B19 Type of glomerular segmental collapse with podocyte hyperplasia and severe podocytopathy secondary to infection by this parvovirus.

Also: parvovirus-induced glomerular collapse

Cryoglobulinemic glomerulopathy Inflammatory glomerular injury caused by the intraluminal deposition of cryoglobulin complexes that form hyaline thrombi in the capillaries.

Also: cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis

Immunotactoid glomerulopathy Rare glomerular disease due to the deposition of organized non-amyloid microtubules arranged in parallel in the mesangium and capillary walls.

Also: immunotactoid glomerulonephritis

Membranoproliferative glomerulopathy type II Classic histological term to describe the disease of dense deposits in the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries.

Also: GNMP type II

C3 glomerulopathy Group of rare kidney diseases caused by deregulation of the alternative complement pathway, characterized by predominant C3 deposits.

Also: C3 nephropathy

C4d glomerulopathy Histopathological pattern indicative of active humoral rejection in kidney transplant evidenced by stable deposits of the complement C4d fragment in peritubular capillaries.

Also: C4d peritubular deposit

Corticomedullary osmotic gradient Progressive increase in osmolality from the renal cortex to the apex of the papilla, essential for urinary concentration.

Also: medullary hyperosmotic gradient

Hemodiafiltration Renal replacement therapy modality that combines the principles of diffusion and convection to optimize the elimination of uremic toxins.

Also: HDF · online hemodiafiltration

Home hemodialysis Hemodialysis modality performed by the patient or trained family member at home, facilitating more frequent schedules.

Also: HDD · dialysis at home

Intermittent hemodialysis Extracorporeal renal replacement treatment that eliminates solutes and water through a dialyzer discontinuously.

Also: HD flashing · conventional hemodialysis

Hemofiltration Continuous renal clearance therapy based exclusively on the principle of convection for the elimination of medium and large solutes.

Also: extracorporeal blood filtration · continuous hemofiltration

Arteriolar hyalinosis Acellular and homogeneous deposit of plasma proteins in the wall of renal arterioles, typical of aging, diabetes and hypertension.

Also: arteriolar hyaline thickening

Bilateral hydronephrosis Dilation of the collecting systems and pelvis of both kidneys caused by obstruction of the lower urinary tract or both ureters.

Also: bilateral pelocaliceal dilation

Glomerular hyperfiltration Compensatory or pathological increase in the glomerular filtration rate per nephron, initial marker of kidney damage in obesity and diabetes.

Also: filtration functional overhead · hyperfiltration state

Hypertonic hyperhydration Increase in the extracellular sodium content greater than the addition of water, attracting water from the cells to the extracellular space.

Also: hypertonic saline overload

Hypotonic hyperhydration Excess of total body water with respect to the body's solutes that causes generalized plasma hypoosmolality and cellular swelling.

Also: water poisoning · free water overload

Isotonic hyperhydration Proportional gain of sodium and water that exclusively expands the extracellular fluid without altering plasma osmolality.

Also: isotonic extracellular volume expansion

Hyperosmolality State in which the concentration of active solutes in the plasma exceeds the normal physiological range, causing cellular dehydration.

Also: plasma hyperosmolarity · hyperosmolar state

Secondary hyperparathyroidism Hyperfunction and hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands in response to hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatiemia and calcitriol deficiency of renal failure.

Also: HPTS · renal hyperparathyroidism

Tertiary hyperparathyroidism State of autonomous secretion of parathyroid hormone of nodular origin that persists despite correction of the initial stimuli of CKD.

Also: HPTT · autonomous hyperparathyroidism

Diffuse mesangial hyperplasia Generalized increase in the number of mesangial cells and the mesangial matrix in all glomeruli of the biopsy.

Also: diffuse mesangial proliferation

Renovascular hypertension Elevation of blood pressure due to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system secondary to unilateral or bilateral renal ischemia.

Also: Renovascular HTN · renovascular arterial hypertension

Familial hypercalcemic hypocalciuria Inactivating mutation of the calcium sensing receptor that results in hypercalcemia with normal or elevated parathyroid hormone levels and low renal calcium excretion.

Hypoosmolality Condition characterized by an abnormally low concentration of active solutes in the plasma, which induces cellular edema.

Also: plasma hypoosmolarity · hypoosmolar state

Stress urinary incontinence Involuntary leakage of urine associated with a sudden increase in intra-abdominal pressure caused by coughing, sneezing or physical exercise.

Also: stress incontinence · stress incontinence

Urge urinary incontinence Involuntary loss of urine immediately preceded by an urgent and uncontrollable desire to urinate.

Also: urge incontinence · wet overactive bladder

Urinary incontinence due to overflow Involuntary loss of urine associated with bladder overdistention and ineffective emptying due to obstruction or hypotonic detrusor.

Also: overflow urination · paradoxical incontinence

Peritoneal clearance index Calculation that encompasses the total solute purification capacity achieved weekly by peritoneal dialysis.

Also: weekly peritoneal clearance of urea

Bacterial infection of the catheter tunnel Purulent colonization of the subcutaneous tract of a central hemodialysis catheter, typically caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Also: bacterial tunnelitis

Exit orifice infection Infectious process located exclusively in the skin emergence of the peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis catheter.

Also: catheter mouth infection

Catheter tunnel infection Bacterial infection of the subcutaneous tract of the indwelling hemodialysis catheter that causes pain, erythema and suppuration.

Also: catheter tunnelitis

Fungal infection of the catheter tunnel Mycological invasion of the dialysis catheter tract that is difficult to eradicate and usually requires immediate removal of the device.

Also: fungal tunnelitis

Fatty infiltration of the renal parenchyma Abnormal accumulation of lipids within the cells of the tubular epithelium, characteristic of chronic nephrotic states.

Also: parenchymal lipiduria

Interstitial lymphocytic infiltration Abnormal presence of active lymphocytes in the renal interstitial space, indicative of cellular rejection or acute interstitial nephritis.

Also: lymphocytic interstitial infiltrate

Interstitial lymphocytic infiltration of the graft Pathological presence of CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes in the renal stroma of the transplanted kidney, indicator of active alloimmune response.

Also: lymphoid infiltrate of the graft

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor Diuretic that acts in the proximal tubule, preventing the reabsorption of bicarbonate, promoting its urinary excretion.

Also: proximal diuretic AC inhibitor · acetazolamide

SGLT2 inhibitors Class of hypoglycemic medications that reduce blood glucose by blocking glucose reabsorption in the kidney, offering nephroprotection.

Also: gliflozins · sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors

Sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter inhibitors Experimental compounds or indirect drugs that block the basolateral outflow of bicarbonate, reducing its plasma recovery.

Also: NBCe1 inhibitors

Immunofluorescence of wire loop pattern Continuous and massive subendothelial deposition of immune complexes that intensely thickens the capillary loops in proliferative lupus nephritis.

Also: wire handles pattern · luppy wire loops

Granular pattern immunofluorescence Discontinuous, mottled pattern of immune complex deposits in the glomerulus, characteristic of postinfectious or membranous glomerulonephritis.

Also: granular deposit · Granular IF

Membranous pattern immunofluorescence Continuous granular deposition of immune complexes along the external capillary walls, indicating diffuse subepithelial involvement.

Also: IF membranous pattern

Immunofluorescence of mesangial pattern Microscopic visualization of immune deposits located exclusively in the mesangial matrix, respecting the peripheral capillary loops.

Also: mesangial deposition pattern

Immunofluorescence of mesangiocapillary pattern Microscopic visualization that combines dense deposits both in the mesangium and along the capillary walls.

Also: IF mesangiocapillary pattern

Linear immunofluorescence Pattern of continuous and homogeneous deposition of immunoglobulins along the glomerular basement membrane, typical of Goodpasture syndrome.

Also: linear antibody deposition · Linear IF

Chloride-bicarbonate exchanger Basolateral transporter protein AE1 that facilitates the exit of bicarbonate from type A intercalated cells into the bloodstream.

Also: AE1 · renal band 3

Na-H exchanger type 3 Apical protein of the proximal tubule that secretes hydrogen ions in exchange for sodium, crucial for bicarbonate reabsorption.

Also: NHE3 · renal sodium-proton exchanger

Cortical renal interstitium Extracellular space that contains fibroblasts and support matrix surrounding the nephrons of the renal cortex.

Also: renal cortical stroma

Medullary renal interstitium Extracellular space that surrounds the tubules and capillaries in the renal medulla, characterized by a hyperbaric osmolarity gradient.

Also: renal medullary stroma

Isostenuria Excretion of urine with a density and osmolality identical to that of filtered plasma, indicating loss of renal concentration and dilution capacity.

Also: fixed specific gravity of urine

Refractory isosthenuria Persistence of a fixed urinary density around 1.010 despite subjecting the patient to extreme water restriction tests.

Also: refractory inability to concentrate urine

Renal cortical ischemia Severe loss of blood flow directed to the renal cortex that, if prolonged, causes irreversible bilateral renal cortical necrosis.

Also: necrosis of the renal cortex

Bilateral renal cortical ischemia Severe and symmetrical reduction in blood flow to the cortices of both kidneys that culminates in renal cortical necrosis and irreversible anuria.

Also: bilateral cortical ischemia

Kt/V Dimensionless parameter used to quantify the dose and adequacy of dialysis, considering urea clearance, time and volume.

Also: dialysis adequacy index · Kt/V of urea

Kt/V weekly urea Parameter that evaluates the total urea clearance dose administered over the course of a full week in dialysis patients.

Also: Kt/V weekly

Perigraft lymphocyst Collection of lymphatic fluid surrounding the transplanted kidney, secondary to damage to the iliac lymphatic vessels or the renal hilum.

Also: peritransplant lymphocele

Ultrapure dialysis fluid Hemodialysis solution that contains negligible concentrations of endotoxins and bacteria to avoid inflammatory responses.

Also: ultrapure dialysate

Sterile ultrapure dialysis fluid Solution for hemodialysis that complies with strict microbiological regulations of sterility, free of pathogenic bacteria or pyrogens.

Also: sterile ultrapure dialysate

Extracellular fluid Fluid compartment outside the cell membranes that encompasses the plasma and the interstitial space, rich in sodium, chlorine and bicarbonate.

Also: LEC · extracellular space · extracellular fluid

Interstitial fluid Fraction of the extracellular fluid that bathes and surrounds tissue cells, excluding the intravascular component.

Also: interstitial space · interstitial fluid

Intracellular fluid Fluid compartment located inside the cells, characterized by a high concentration of potassium, magnesium and phosphates.

Also: LIC · intracellular space · intracellular fluid

Macroalbuminuria Excretion of albumin in urine greater than 300 milligrams per day, suggestive of significant and progressive glomerular kidney damage.

Also: severely increased albuminuria · obvious proteinuria

Dense macule Group of specialized epithelial cells in the distal tubule that detect the concentration of sodium chloride and regulate filtration.

Also: macula dense cells

Maturation of the fistula Process of dilation and thickening of the wall of the vein after the anastomosis that enables it to withstand repeated punctures.

Also: development of vascular access

Glomerular basement membrane Acellular layer composed of type IV collagen, laminin and negatively charged proteoglycans that restricts the passage of anionic macromolecules.

Also: MBG · basement membrane of the glomerulus

Trilaminar glomerular basement membrane Normal ultrastructural structure made up of the internal rare lamina, the central dense lamina and the external rare lamina.

Also: sheets of the basement membrane

Tubular basement membrane Thin acellular layer on which the cells of the tubular epithelium rest that serve as physical support and permeability barrier.

Also: MBT

High flow membrane Hemodialysis filter with large diameter pores that efficiently eliminates medium molecular weight uremic toxins.

Also: high flow dialyzer

Low flow membrane Conventional dialysis filter limited to the diffusive clearance of small molecules such as urea and creatinine.

Also: low flow dialyzer

Dialysis membrane Semipermeable dialyzer barrier that separates blood from the dialysis fluid, allowing the selective transport of water and solutes.

Also: semipermeable membrane · hemodialysis filter

Synthetic cellulose dialysis membrane Type of hemodialysis filter derived from chemically modified cellulose to increase its biocompatibility.

Also: modified cellulose membrane

Synthetic dialysis membrane High biocompatibility filter made with polymers such as polysulfone, polyamide or polyacrylonitrile.

Also: synthetic polymeric membrane

Mesangium Central region of the glomerular tuft made up of mesangial cells and extracellular matrix, which offers structural support to the capillaries.

Also: mesangial matrix · mesangial space

Microalbuminuria Urinary excretion of albumin between 30 and 300 milligrams per day, a marker of cardiovascular risk and incipient nephropathy.

Also: moderately increased albuminuria

Renal thrombotic microangiopathy Renal vascular pathology characterized by glomerular capillary and arteriole thrombosis, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia.

Also: Kidney MAT

Natriuresis Process of sodium excretion in the urine through the kidneys, regulated by hemodynamic and hormonal factors such as natriuretic peptide.

Also: renal sodium excretion · urinary sodium loss

Renal papillary necrosis Ischemic death of the renal papillae caused by prolonged use of analgesics, diabetes, sickle cell anemia, or serious infections.

Also: papillary necrosis · papillary slough

Acute tubular necrosis Injury to the cells of the renal tubular epithelium caused by ischemia or toxins, which manifests clinically as intrinsic acute renal failure.

Also: NTA · acute tubular damage

Bilateral nephrectomy Surgical procedure of ablation of both kidneys, used today exceptionally for the control of refractory malignant hypertension.

Also: total nephrectomy of both kidneys

Unilateral nephrectomy Surgical removal of a single kidney, indicated in parenchymal tumors, symptomatic renal exclusion or living donation.

Also: living donor nephrectomy · kidney removal

Acute interstitial nephritis Inflammatory reaction mediated by cellular immunity that mainly affects the interstitium and renal tubules, commonly triggered by drugs.

Also: NIA · acute tubulointerstitial nephritis

Chronic interstitial nephritis Progressive interstitial fibrosis with tubular atrophy and chronic inflammatory infiltrate leading to gradual loss of renal function.

Also: chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis

Lupus nephritis Glomerular and interstitial renal inflammatory compromise secondary to immune complex deposition in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Also: lupus glomerulonephritis · lupus nephropathy

Accelerated nephroangiosclerosis Acute renal destructive manifestation induced by uncontrolled arterial hypertension that presents with generalized glomerular ischemia.

Also: accelerated nephrosclerosis

Malignant accelerated nephroangiosclerosis Destructive renal arterial injury characterized histologically by fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles and concentric mucinous intimal proliferation.

Also: malignant accelerated nephrosclerosis

Benign nephroangiosclerosis Chronic histological renal damage secondary to long-standing arterial hypertension characterized by arteriolar hyalinosis and glomerular sclerosis.

Also: benign nephrosclerosis · chronic hypertensive kidney

Malignant nephroangiosclerosis Renal vascular emergence characterized by fibrinoid necrosis of the arterioles and proliferation in onion layers of the intima.

Also: malignant nephrosclerosis · renal fibrinoid necrosis

Nephrocalcinosis Diffuse pathological deposit of calcium salts in the renal parenchyma, visualized in imaging studies or pathological anatomy.

Also: calcification of the renal parenchyma

Cortical nephrocalcinosis Diffuse calcification of the renal cortex typically secondary to bilateral acute renal cortical necrosis or severe chronic glomerulonephritis.

Also: cortical calcification of the kidney

Medullary nephrocalcinosis Selective calcification of the renal medullary pyramids secondary to primary hyperparathyroidism, distal renal tubular acidosis or sarcoidosis.

Also: medullary calcification of the kidney

Coralliform nephrolithiasis Large giant kidney stone that occupies the renal pelvis and branches into multiple glomerular calyces.

Also: calculation in deer antler · coralliform lithiasis

Nephromegaly Pathological increase in the size or volume of one or both kidneys, observed in amyloidosis, initial diabetes or polycystic disease.

Also: enlarged kidneys · bilateral renal hypertrophy

Acute phosphate nephropathy Acute and irreversible kidney failure caused by the massive deposition of calcium phosphate crystals after taking phosphate laxatives.

Also: acute phosphate kidney

Sickle cell anemia nephropathy Spectrum of renal dysfunctions caused by the occlusion of the medullary microvasculature by sickle erythrocytes, causing focal infarcts.

Also: sickle cell nephropathy

Hypokalemic nephropathy Structural tubular injury characterized by vacuolization of proximal tubule cells and interstitial fibrosis induced by severe chronic hypokalemia.

Also: potassium depletion nephropathy

Analgesic-induced nephropathy Form of chronic interstitial nephritis and papillary necrosis caused by massive and prolonged consumption of combinations of analgesics.

Also: nephropathy due to analgesic abuse

BK virus-induced nephropathy Active replication of the BK virus in the tubular epithelial cells of the transplant that causes nuclear inclusions and graft dysfunction.

Also: BK polyomavirus nephropathy · BKVN

Irreversible cisplatin-induced nephropathy Severe damage to the tubular epithelium that progresses to persistent tubular atrophy and chronic renal failure after high cumulative doses of chemotherapy.

Also: chronic renal toxicity due to cisplatin

Lead-induced nephropathy Chronic tubular and interstitial damage due to prolonged exposure to lead, frequently associated with saturnine gout and hypertension.

Also: saturnine nephropathy · renal toxicity due to lead

Chronic interstitial nephropathy due to lithium Progressive fibrosing alteration of the renal interstitium induced by prolonged treatment with lithium salts that causes secondary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

Also: lithium nephrotoxicity · lithium kidney

Ischemic nephropathy Deterioration of renal function secondary to a chronic and hemodynamically significant reduction in blood flow to the kidneys.

Also: ischemic kidney disease

Class III lupus nephropathy Focal proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis characterized by active or inactive inflammatory lesions affecting less than fifty percent of the glomeruli.

Also: focal proliferative lupus nephritis

Class V lupus nephropathy Membranous variant of lupus nephritis characterized by subepithelial immune deposits that cause persistent nephrotic range proteinuria.

Also: membranous lupus nephritis

Class VI lupus nephropathy Advanced terminal stage of lupus nephritis characterized by global sclerosis of more than ninety percent of the glomeruli.

Also: advanced sclerosing lupus nephritis

Membranous nephropathy Glomerulopathy characterized by thickening of the basement membrane due to the subepithelial deposition of immune complexes, frequently mediated by anti-PLA2R antibodies.

Also: membranous glomerulopathy · membranous nephritis

Acute obstructive nephropathy due to uric acid Renal failure produced by the massive precipitation of uric acid crystals in the collecting ducts in patients with tumor lysis.

Also: oliguria due to uric acid

Uric acid nephropathy Massive intratubular deposition of urate crystals that causes acute renal failure, frequently in the context of tumor lysis syndrome.

Also: acute gout kidney · obstructive urate nephropathy

Reversible aminoglycoside nephropathy Acute tubular damage caused by gentamicin or amikacin that usually recovers after early discontinuation of the drug.

Also: reversible renal toxicity due to aminoglycosides

Cylinder nephropathy Obstruction and damage of renal tubules by aggregates of monoclonal light chains and Tamm-Horsfall protein in multiple myeloma.

Also: myeloma kidney · light chain nephropathy

Myoglobin cast nephropathy Obstruction of the tubular lumen and direct cytotoxicity due to myoglobin massively released in the urine during episodes of rhabdomyolysis.

Also: myoglobinic nephropathy · kidney injury due to rhabdomyolysis

Nephropathy due to massive hyaline casts Massive presence of hyaline protein casts that occlude virtually all tubules during severe proteinuria.

Also: tubular obstruction by hyaline cylinders

Contrast nephropathy Acute deterioration of renal function that occurs within 48-72 hours after intravascular administration of iodinated contrast medium.

Also: NIC by contrast · contrast-induced water kidney injury

Crystal nephropathy Obstruction of the tubular lumen and cellular damage secondary to intratubular precipitation of crystals of endogenous or exogenous origin.

Also: crystal-induced kidney damage

Hemoglobin nephropathy Acute tubular injury produced by the accumulation and degradation of filtered free hemoglobin after severe episodes of intravascular hemolysis.

Also: hemoglobinuria kidney

IgA nephropathy Glomerulonephritis characterized by the deposition of galactose-deficient IgA1 polymeric immune complexes in the glomerular mesangium.

Also: Berger's disease · mesangial glomerulonephritis due to IgA

IgA nephropathy with crescents Aggressive variant of IgA nephropathy characterized by the presence of epithelial crescents that confers a high risk of rapid progression.

Also: rapidly progressive Berger disease

Non-proliferative IgA nephropathy Benign histological presentation of Berger's disease where mesangial IgA deposition is observed without significant hypercellularity.

Also: Berger histologically mild

Nephrocystin nephropathy Cystic genetic renal disorder characterized by tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and corticomedullary cyst formation.

Also: nephronophthisis

Polyomavirus nephropathy Opportunistic infection of the kidney graft caused by the reactivation of the BK virus under deep immunosuppression, causing graft failure.

Also: BK virus nephropathy · renal BK virus infection

Radiation nephropathy Tubulointerstitial and microvascular renal damage caused by incidental therapeutic exposure to ionizing radiation.

Also: radiation-induced kidney injury

Reflux nephropathy Chronic kidney damage characterized by focal cortical scars secondary to retrograde reflux of infected urine from the bladder.

Also: kidney scarring due to reflux

Unilateral reflux nephropathy Chronic condition characterized by the asymmetric development of scars and volume loss in one of the kidneys due to vesicoureteral reflux.

Also: unilateral healing reflux

Shiga toxin nephropathy Acute kidney injury mediated by direct glomerular endothelial damage caused by bacterial toxins, triggering hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Also: kidney injury due to SHEC · HUS associated with Shiga

Nephrotoxicity due to aminoglycosides Acute tubular damage caused by intralysosomal accumulation and direct cytotoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics in TCP cells.

Also: aminoglycoside-induced kidney injury

Nephrotoxicity due to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Damage mediated by inhibition of prostaglandins that alters renal autoregulation, producing acute prerenal failure or interstitial nephritis.

Also: nephrotoxicity due to NSAIDs

Cisplatin nephrotoxicity Renal failure induced by the mitochondrial accumulation of cisplatin in the proximal tubule, triggering necrosis and apoptosis.

Also: cisplatin-induced kidney injury

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodule Pathognomonic histological lesion of advanced diabetic nephropathy, consisting of acellular nodular deposits of PAS-positive mesangial matrix.

Also: nodular intercapillary sclerosis

Effective osmolality Concentration of solutes capable of exerting osmotic force through a semipermeable cellular biological membrane, driving the movement of water.

Also: plasma tonicity · real osmolality

High turnover renal osteodystrophy Spectrum of accelerated bone remodeling with diffuse medullary fibrosis secondary to extremely high levels of parathyroid hormone.

Also: uremic renal fibrous osteitis

Low turnover renal osteodystrophy Bone disorders in patients with renal failure in which bone synthesis and mineralization are markedly depressed.

Also: low turnover renal adynamic bone

Sucroferric oxyhydroxide Phosphorus chelator based on polynuclear iron that reduces phosphorus overload with a lower burden of daily pills for the patient.

Also: phosphorus chelator with iron · PA21

Slow transport patients Individuals on peritoneal dialysis with little effective vascular surface who retain the osmotic gradient of the dialysate for longer.

Also: slow solute transporters

Rapid transport patients Individuals on peritoneal dialysis whose biological characteristics of the serosa rapidly dissipate the osmotic gradient of the dialysate.

Also: fast solute transporters

Paracalcitol Active synthetic analogue of vitamin D that suppresses the secretion of parathyroid hormone with a lesser hypercalcemic and hyperphosphatemic effect.

Also: selective vitamin D analogue

Patiromer Non-absorbable polymer that acts as a cation exchanger in the digestive tract to bind potassium, facilitating its fecal elimination.

Also: oral potassium chelator · potassium binder

Patiromer sorbitex calcium Pharmacological formulation of patiromer that uses calcium as an exchange counterion to avoid sodium overload by eliminating potassium.

Also: calcium patiromer

Pedicel Secondary cytoplasmic extension of the podocyte that interdigitates with other adjacent podocytes to form filtration slits.

Also: podocyte process · podocyte foot

Type B natriuretic peptide Myocardial stretch biomarker useful in distinguishing cardiogenic dyspnea versus volume overload in kidney disease.

Also: Serum BNP

Dry weight loss Progressive reduction of the dialysis target weight due to the actual loss of muscle and fat mass in malnourished patients.

Also: dialysis target weight loss

Salt loss of renal origin Massive urinary sodium loss secondary to intrinsic tubular dysfunction, which causes extracellular fluid depletion and dehydration.

Also: salt wasting nephropathy

Sodium profile in dialysis Programmed variation of the sodium concentration in the dialysis fluid throughout the session to stabilize blood pressure.

Also: sodium conductivity profile

Ultrafiltration profile Sequential programming of volume removal rates during hemodialysis adapted to the patient's hemodynamic tolerance.

Also: ultrafiltration programming

Peritonitis associated with peritoneal dialysis Bacterial or fungal infection of the peritoneal cavity secondary to contamination of the connection system or dialysis catheter.

Also: dialysis peritonitis · peritoneal peritonitis

Bacterial peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis Presence of cloudy peritoneal fluid with a leukocyte count greater than one hundred per microliter and microbiological positivity.

Also: PD-associated peritonitis

Encapsulating sclerosing peritonitis Rare, catastrophic complication of peritoneal dialysis characterized by massive diffuse peritoneal fibrosis causing intestinal obstruction.

Also: PEE · encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis

Hydraulic permeability Ability of the dialyzer to allow the flow of water through it in response to a transmembrane pressure gradient.

Also: dialyzer water conductivity

Dry weight on dialysis Estimated optimal body weight of a dialysis patient who is normotensive and free of signs of congestion.

Also: ideal postdialysis weight · extracorporeal goal weight

Acute obstructive pyelonephritis Severe bacterial infection of the renal parenchyma that develops in an obstructed urinary system, constituting a surgical emergency.

Also: acute pyonephrosis

Emphysematous pyelonephritis Severe necrotizing infection of the renal parenchyma and surrounding tissues characterized by gas production by anaerobic bacteria in diabetic patients.

Also: gas-producing kidney infection

Lithiasistic pyelonephritis Complicated parenchymal urinary infection that develops in the presence of stones that obstruct or infect the collecting system.

Also: pyelonephritis associated with lithiasis

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis Rare form of chronic destructive pyelonephritis characterized by the replacement of the renal parenchyma by lipid-laden macrophages.

Also: PXG · lipid destructive nephritis

Pyonephrosis Accumulation of purulent material that distends the renal collecting system and progressively destroys the renal parenchyma in the presence of complete obstruction.

Also: purulent hydronephrosis · obstructive pyonephrosis

Podocyte Highly specialized epithelial cell of the visceral leaf of Bowman's capsule, essential for the integrity of the filtration barrier.

Also: renal visceral epithelial cell · podocytes

Podocytopathy Primary or secondary glomerular disorder characterized by direct structural and functional alteration of the podocyte.

Also: podocyte disease · podocyte lesion

Oral calcium polystyrene sulfonate Resin that releases calcium into the intestinal lumen in exchange for capturing free potassium, preventing acidosis or sodium overload.

Also: calcium resin for hyperkalemia

Calcium polystyrene sulfonate Cationic exchange resin used to reduce serum potassium concentration by exchanging calcium for potassium in the intestinal lumen.

Also: potassium exchange resin for calcium

Sodium polystyrene sulfonate Cationic resin that exchanges sodium for potassium in the intestinal tract, used in hyperkalemia but with risk of volume overload.

Also: Kayexalate

Osmotic polyuria Emission of large volumes of dilute urine caused by the retention and entrainment of water by osmotically active solutes in the tubules.

Also: solute-induced diuresis flow

Thick ascending cortical portion Section of the loop of Henle located in the renal cortex that completes the massive reabsorption of sodium chloride without water in this segment.

Also: TAL cortical

Thick ascending portion of the loop of Henle Water-impermeable segment where sodium, chlorine and potassium are actively reabsorbed through the NKCC2 cotransporter, diluting urine.

Also: TAL · thick ascending segment

Thick medullary ascending portion Section of the loop of Henle located in the outer medulla that initiates the dilution of urine by actively reabsorbing solutes.

Also: Medullary TAL

Negative transepithelial potential Voltage of the negatively charged tubular lumen that favors the passive secretion of cations or the reabsorption of anions in the distal nephron.

Also: negative transepithelial electrical gradient

Positive transepithelial potential Electrical potential difference in the tubular lumen generated by the reabsorption of sodium in TAL that favors the reabsorption of cations.

Also: positive transepithelial electrical gradient

Capillary colloid osmotic pressure Force exerted by plasma proteins that retains fluid in the bloodstream, opposing glomerular filtration.

Also: glomerular oncotic pressure

Net ultrafiltration pressure Net difference between the hydrostatic and osmotic pressures that drive water and solutes through the glomerular barrier.

Also: PUF · net filtration pressure

Capsular hydrostatic pressure Physical force exerted by the liquid contained within Bowman's space that opposes glomerular filtration.

Also: opposite capsular pressure · hydraulic pressure of the capsule

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure Hydraulic force exerted by the blood within the glomerular capillaries that constitutes the main engine for ultrafiltration.

Also: glomerular capillary pressure

Transmembrane pressure Net pressure gradient between the blood and dialysate compartments across the semipermeable membrane of the dialyzer.

Also: PTM · dialyzer pressure gradient

Proliferation in onion layers Concentric thickening of the intima of the interlobular and intralobular arteries of the kidney in accelerated hypertension.

Also: concentric obliterative endarteritis

Nephrotic range proteinuria Protein loss in urine greater than 3.5 grams per 24 hours in adults, or more than 40 milligrams per square meter per hour in children.

Also: massive proteinuria · nephrotic protein excretion

Peritoneal screening test Short-term evaluation to predict the clearance rate of solutes and water through the patient's peritoneal serosa.

Also: Peritoneal dialysis PET

Peritoneal balance test Standardized test that evaluates the properties of solute transfer across a patient's peritoneal membrane.

Also: PEP · peritoneal balance test · PET

Pseudohypoaldosteronism Group of genetic disorders that present with resistance to the action of aldosterone, characterized by salt loss, hyperkalemia and acidosis.

Also: PHA · aldosterone resistance

Iron-based phosphorus chelator Medicines that use trivalent iron complexes to bind phosphate in the diet, preventing its digestive absorption.

Also: ferric phosphorus collector

Phosphorus chelator with calcium Intestinal binding agent such as calcium carbonate or acetate that is associated with an increased risk of arterial calcifications.

Also: calcium phosphorus binder

Phosphorus chelator without calcium Compounds such as sevelamer or lanthanum carbonate that reduce serum phosphorus without increasing the systemic calcium load.

Also: non-calcium phosphorus collector

Phosphorus chelators Oral compounds that bind to dietary phosphate in the gastrointestinal tract, preventing its systemic absorption in patients with CKD.

Also: phosphate binders · phosphorus captors

Thin ascending branch of the loop of Henle Inner medullary segment of the nephron impermeable to water that facilitates the passive diffusion of sodium chloride into the interstitium.

Also: RADAH

Thin descending branch of the loop of Henle Tubular segment highly permeable to water but impermeable to solutes, vital for the countercurrent concentration mechanism.

Also: RDDAH

Chronic graft rejection Progressive and late deterioration of kidney graft function due to interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy and chronic vasculopathy of the transplant.

Also: chronic transplant nephropathy · chronic rejection mediated by cells and antibodies

Antibody-mediated chronic graft rejection Slow and progressive histological damage of kidney transplant characterized by transplant glomerulopathy and diffuse C4d deposits.

Also: chronic humoral rejection

Hyperacute rejection Kidney graft failure that occurs within minutes or hours post-transplant due to pre-existing antibodies against the donor's HLA antigens.

Also: hyperacute rejection mediated by preformed antibodies

Hyperacute rejection of the kidney graft Immediate vascular destruction of the transplanted kidney mediated by preformed receptor antibodies that activate the complement cascade in the operating room.

Also: hyperacute vascular rejection

Acute humoral rejection Kidney graft damage mediated by donor-specific antibodies directed against human leukocyte antigen on the surface of the endothelium.

Also: acute antibody-mediated rejection · AMR

Vascular access recirculation Abnormal return of already purified blood from the venous needle to the arterial needle of the dialyzer, reducing the efficiency of dialysis.

Also: dialysis recirculation

Venous access recirculation Inefficient process in which the blood that has just left the dialyzer reenters the arterial access line.

Also: intrinsic access recirculation

Intratubular recrystallization Process of formation and progressive aggregation of crystals of supersaturated solutes that leads to obstruction and acute tubular damage.

Also: precipitation of crystals in tubules

Grade V vesicoureteral reflux Most severe degree of reflux in which there is massive dilation and tortuosity of the ureters and calyces, with loss of papillary impressions.

Also: Severe VUR with tortuosity

Albumin-creatinine ratio Measurement in an isolated urine sample that estimates the daily excretion of albumin, serving as an early indicator of glomerular damage.

Also: RAC · albumin/creatinine ratio · microalbuminuria index

24-hour urinary albumin-creatinine ratio Determination of the albumin index corrected by creatinine on a complete volumetric collection of daily urine.

Also: 24-hour RAC

Urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio Serum quotient that provides guidance on the prerenal or intrinsic origin of acute renal failure, based on the passive reabsorption of urea.

Also: BUN/creatinine ratio

Elevated urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio Plasma analytical quotient greater than twenty that strongly points towards a prerenal etiology of renal failure.

Also: Elevated BUN/creatinine

Protein-creatinine ratio Parameter that quickly evaluates total proteinuria in a random urine sample, correlating well with the 24-hour collection.

Also: RPC · protein/creatinine ratio · proteinuria index

Subperiosteal resorption Loss of bone density and erosion of the external cortex under the periosteum detectable radiographically in distal phalanges, a sign of hyperparathyroidism.

Also: subperiosteal bone erosion

Tubuloglomerular feedback Intrinsic renal mechanism by which changes in the delivery of sodium chloride to the macula dense modify glomerular filtration.

Also: RTG · tubuloglomerular feedback

Medullary sponge kidney Benign developmental anomaly characterized by ectatic dilation of the spinal collecting ducts, predisposing to stones and infections.

Also: Cacchi-Ricci disease · precalyceal canalicular ectasia

Obstructive uropathy kidney Renal parenchyma damaged by persistent retrograde pressure causing tubular atrophy and dilation of the renal pelvis.

Also: obstructive hydronephrotic kidney

Bilateral obstructive uropathy kidney Destructive lesion that simultaneously affects both kidneys due to obstruction of urinary flow in the bladder neck or urethra.

Also: destructive bilateral urinary obstruction

Horseshoe kidney Congenital fusion anomaly in which the lower poles of both kidneys connect across the midline.

Also: inferior renal fusion

Chewed kidney Radiological and pathological appearance of the kidney destroyed and diffusely calcified due to advanced chronic renal tuberculosis.

Also: tuberculous autonephrectomy

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney Genetic disease characterized by the development and progressive growth of multiple bilateral cysts that destroy the normal renal parenchyma.

Also: RPAD · adult polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney Severe hereditary genetic disorder that manifests in childhood with bilateral symmetrical renal cysts and congenital liver fibrosis.

Also: RPAR · infantile polycystic kidney disease

Senile kidney Involutional structural and functional changes associated with aging that cause progressive loss of nephrons and vascular sclerosis.

Also: physiological kidney aging · nephropathy of senescence

Epithelial crescents Extracapillary cell proliferation in Bowman's space composed of parietal cells and macrophages, a sign of capillary membrane rupture.

Also: glomerular crescents · extracapillary crescents

Alport syndrome Inherited type IV collagen disorder characterized by glomerular involvement with progressive hematuria, sensorineural hearing loss, and ocular anomalies.

Also: Alport hereditary nephritis

Nutcracker syndrome Compression of the left renal vein between the abdominal aorta artery and the superior mesenteric artery, causing hematuria and pain.

Also: compression of left renal vein · Nutcracker phenomenon

Osmotic imbalance syndrome Systemic alteration of the water gradient induced by rapid variations of solutes in blood with respect to protected compartments.

Also: acute osmolar imbalance

Dialysis imbalance syndrome Acute neurological complication due to the rapid clearance of urea during hemodialysis, causing osmotic cerebral edema.

Also: SDD · postdialytic imbalance

Apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome Genetic defects in the 11-beta-HSD2 enzyme that cause activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor by cortisol, mimicking hyperaldosteronism.

Also: SAME

Water overload Pathological accumulation of water in the body that exceeds the renal excretory capacity, manifested with edema or systemic congestion.

Also: hyperhydration · excess fluid volume

Isotonic saline overload Increase in extracellular water and sodium in identical proportions as the normal serum concentration, without impact on intracellular volume.

Fistula murmur Auscultable turbulence over the course of a patent arteriovenous fistula indicating adequate function.

Also: vascular access murmur · FAVI's thrill

Arteriovenous fistula murmur Low-pitched turbulent flow noise auscultable throughout the fistula that certifies high-velocity venous flow.

Also: Vascular thrill from AVF

Estimated glomerular filtration rate Indirect estimation of the glomerular filtration function through equations that validate serum creatinine or cystatin combined with demographic variables.

Also: TFGe · eGFR

Glomerular filtration rate estimated by CKD-EPI equation More precise mathematical estimation equation for kidney function for normal and slightly decreased values than the MDRD equation.

Also: CKD-EPI · estimation of GFR by CKD-EPI

Glomerular filtration rate estimated by MDRD equation Classic mathematical formula to estimate glomerular filtration rate from plasma creatinine, age, sex and ethnicity of the patient.

Also: MDRD · estimation of GFR by MDRD

Glomerular filtration rate measured by inulin Accurate physiological determination of GFR by continuous infusion and urinary clearance of inulin.

Also: pattern clearance of inulin

Glomerular filtration rate measured by iothalamate Alternative radioisotope clearance method to accurately quantify glomerular filtration rate without 24-hour urine collection.

Also: iothalamate clearance

Urea reduction rate Percentage decrease in blood urea nitrogen concentration after a hemodialysis session, indicator of its effectiveness.

Also: TRU · percentage of urea reduction

Continuous renal replacement therapies Slow, uninterrupted extracorporeal treatments designed for critically ill patients with hemodynamic instability and acute kidney injury.

Also: TRRC · continuous ICU dialysis

Hopperptan Selective vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist used to slow the growth of cysts in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

Also: V2 receptor antagonist · selective vaptan

Urea transmission Balance process of low molecular weight solutes across the peritoneal biological membrane in peritoneal dialysis.

Also: diffusive peritoneal clearance

Peritoneal slow transporter Patient with low permeability to the passage of glucose and small solutes on peritoneal dialysis who maintains good long-term ultrafiltration.

Also: low DP carrier

Peritoneal rapid transporter Patient who rapidly absorbs glucose from the peritoneal dialysate, dissipating the osmotic gradient and reducing useful ultrafiltration.

Also: high DP transporter

Paracellular transport of chloride Passive diffusion of chloride ions through intercellular tight junctions driven by the transepithelial potential gradient.

Also: paracellular chlorine reabsorption

Transcellular transport of chloride Chlorine absorption pathway that requires active passage through the apical and basolateral membranes of the tubular cells.

Also: transcellular chlorine reabsorption

Kidney graft thrombophilia Hypercoagulable state in the transplant recipient that predisposes to catastrophic organ loss due to vascular thrombosis of the graft.

Also: renal transplant hypercoagulability

Kidney graft thrombophilia of genetic cause Hereditary predisposition of the recipient or donor to develop thrombosis of the vessels of the kidney graft due to mutations such as factor V Leiden.

Also: transplant genetic thrombophilia

Acute renal vein thrombosis Sudden loss of venous drainage function of the kidney that causes severe low back pain, macroscopic hematuria and increased kidney size.

Also: Acute TVR

Renal vein thrombosis Thrombotic occlusion of the lumen of the main vein of the kidney, a serious complication classically associated with membranous nephrotic syndrome.

Also: TVR · renal vein occlusion

Vascular access thrombosis Complete occlusion by clots of the lumen of the arteriovenous fistula that acutely interrupts the murmur.

Also: AVF thrombosis · Thrombosed AVF

Tubulitis Inflammatory lymphocytic infiltration of the basement membrane of tubular epithelial cells, a key histological marker of cellular rejection.

Also: lymphoid tubular inflammation

Kidney graft tubulitis Penetration of lymphocytes into the thickness of the tubular epithelium of the transplanted kidney, a cardinal histological criterion to classify cellular rejection.

Also: active cellular tubulitis

Cortical collecting duct Distal segment sensitive to aldosterone and vasopressin that refines the excretion of water, sodium, potassium and hydrogen ions.

Also: TCC · cortical collecting duct

Medullary collecting duct Terminal portion of the tubular system where the final concentration of urine is carried out under the control of antidiuretic hormone.

Also: medullary collecting duct

Papillary collecting duct Terminal segment of the Bellini ducts that open at the tip of the renal papilla, pouring urine into the minor calyces.

Also: Bellini ducts · Bellini tubes

Connecting tubule Short segment of the renal tubular system that connects the distal convoluted tubule with the cortical collecting duct.

Also: connection segment · CNT

Distal convoluted tubule Segment posterior to the loop of Henle that reabsorbs sodium and chloride through the NCC cotransporter and regulates calcium excretion.

Also: TCD · distal tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule Initial segment of the renal tubular system where the vast majority of water, sodium, bicarbonate, glucose and filtered amino acids are reabsorbed.

Also: TCP · proximal tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule S1 First segment of the proximal tubule that presents a highly developed brush border and a high rate of active solute reabsorption.

Also: S1 segment of the proximal tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule S2 Second segment of the proximal tubule where the active reabsorption of solutes continues and the active secretion of organic acids begins.

Also: S2 segment of the proximal tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule S3 Straight terminal portion of the proximal tubule located in the outer band of the outer medulla, the main site of secretion of drugs and toxins.

Also: S3 segment of the proximal tubule · pars recta of the proximal tubule

Brown tumor of hyperparathyroidism Benign bone lytic lesion constituted by accumulation of osteoclasts and fibrous tissue that simulates neoplasms in advanced hyperparathyroidism.

Also: parathyroid osteoclastoma · uremic brown tumor

Net ultrafiltration Total volume of fluid removed from the patient's blood during a renal replacement therapy session to achieve dry weight.

Also: ultrafiltration rate · net fluid removal

Sequential ultrafiltration Programmed fluid extraction through pure isolated ultrafiltration without diffusive dialysis, used in patients with hemodynamic intolerance.

Also: dry dialysis · isolated ultrafiltration

Ureterohydronephrosis Simultaneous dilation of the renal calyces, renal pelvis and ureter due to mechanical obstruction in the distal urinary tract.

Also: ureteropielocalical dilation

Posterior urethra Proximal portion of the male urethra that can be congenitally obstructed by valves, causing severe intrauterine hydronephrosis.

Also: posterior urethral valves

Uricosuria Excretion of uric acid in the urine, the elevation of which predisposes to the formation of urate stones or gouty nephropathy.

Also: urinary uric acid · urate excretion

Drug-induced uricosuria Increased excretion of uric acid in urine by blocking the reabsorption transporter URAT1 by drugs such as losartan.

Also: renal excretion of uric acid due to medications

Obstructive urolithiasis Presence of an impacted stone in the lumen of the urinary tract that completely or partially blocks urinary excretion.

Also: obstructive impacted calculus

Obstructive uropathy Interruption of normal urinary flow at any level of the urinary tract that secondarily compromises the function of the renal parenchyma.

Also: obstructive nephropathy

Previous urethral valve Uncommon congenital malformation characterized by mucosal folds in the anterior urethra that obstruct the child's urinary flow.

Also: congenital anterior urethral obstruction

ANCA vasculitis Group of diseases characterized by necrotizing inflammation of small vessels, mediated by antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, with associated glomerulonephritis.

Also: ANCA-associated vasculitis

ANCA-MPO vasculitis Necrotizing glomerulonephritis with crescents associated with antibodies specifically directed against neutrophil myeloperoxidase.

Also: p-ANCA vasculitis · GN associated with anti-MPO

ANCA-PR3 vasculitis Systemic vascular inflammatory disease with renal involvement associated with antibodies directed against proteinase 3.

Also: c-ANCA vasculitis · GN associated with anti-PR3

Vasculitis of medium renal vessels Necrotizing inflammation that preferentially affects the lobar or arcuate arteries, characteristic of polyarteritis nodosa.

Also: renal involvement of PAN

Graft vasculitis Inflammation of the arterial endothelium of the transplanted kidney by recipient T lymphocytes, indicative of severe cellular rejection.

Also: graft endotheliitis · graft arteritis

Vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole Reduction in the caliber of the arteriole entering the glomerulus, reducing ultrafiltration pressure and glomerular filtration.

Also: spasm of the afferent arteriole

Vasodilation of the efferent arteriole Increase in the caliber of the glomerular outlet arteriole that decreases filtration pressure, a classic side effect of ACEIs and ARBs.

Also: efferent arteriole relaxation

Straight ascending vessels Venous vessels that return from the deep medulla, facilitating the uptake of reabsorbed water from the loop of Henle.

Also: vasa recta ascending

Straight descending vessels Thin vessels that penetrate the renal medulla and are responsible for supplying nutrients without dissipating the medullary osmotic gradient.

Also: straight descending vasa

Neurogenic bladder Bladder dysfunction caused by injuries or diseases of the nervous system that alters the filling or emptying of urine.

Also: neurogenic bladder dysfunction

Left renal vein Long vascular structure that crosses in front of the aorta and can suffer compression or thrombosis with direct renal impact.

Also: VRI

Nephrology

Other glossary specialties