Orbital abscess secondary to sinus infection Collection of purulent material accumulated inside the orbit, usually between the periosteum and the internal bone wall, due to the direct spread of bacteria from the ethmoidal cells through the lamina papyracea.

Also: orbital abscess of sinus origin · orbital subperiosteal abscess · orbital complication of sinus infection

Parapharyngeal abscess of post-style space Deep suppurative infection of the neck located in the posterior portion of the parapharyngeal space, behind the styloid process, which contains the internal carotid artery, the internal jugular vein and the lower cranial nerves.

Also: retrostyle abscess · carotid space infection · posterior parapharyngeal abscess

Parapharyngeal abscess of prestylean space Purulent collection located in the anterior portion of the parapharyngeal space, clinically characterized by swelling of the tonsillar fossa, intense lockjaw and cervical pain, with less vascular risk than post-styleus.

Also: prestyle abscess · anterior parapharyngeal infection · cellulitis of the anterior parapharyngeal space

Peritonsillar abscess Accumulation of purulent material in the virtual space located between the capsule of the palatine tonsil and the superior constrictor muscle of the pharynx. It causes unilateral sore throat, lockjaw, and deviation of the uvula.

Also: suppurated peritonsillar phlegmon · lateral tonsillar abscess · phlegmonous angina of the throat

Retropharyngeal abscess Purulent collection in the retropharyngeal space, delimited anteriorly by the constrictor fascia of the pharynx and posteriorly by the alar fascia. It is more common in children under five years of age due to lymph node suppuration after respiratory infections.

Also: pediatric retropharyngeal abscess · retropharyngeal space suppuration · deep retropharyngeal infection

Infantile retropharyngeal abscess Accumulation of pus in the retropharyngeal space in pediatric patients, usually due to suppuration of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes of Gilette after a previous respiratory infection, manifesting with dysphagia and cervical stiffness.

Also: retropharyngeal abscess of the infant · suppurative retropharyngeal adenitis · infection of the retropharyngeal space in children

Septal abscess Purulent collection in the nasal septum, frequently originating from infection from a previous hematoma. It causes severe local pain, bilateral respiratory obstruction and destruction of the quadrangular cartilage with the risk of nasal collapse.

Also: nasal septal abscess · septal purulent chondritis · suppurated collection of the septum

Cochlear aqueduct Small bony canal that connects the scala tympani of the cochlea with the subarachnoid space of the posterior cranial fossa, allowing the passive exchange of fluids and pressures.

Also: perilymphatic duct · aqueduct of the cochlea · cranial perilymphatic communication channel

Vestibular aqueduct Bone canal that houses the endolymphatic duct on its way from the vestibule of the inner ear to the epidural portion of the endolymphatic sac on the posterior surface of the petrous bone.

Also: vestibular canal · vestibular fallopian canal · osseous vestibular aqueduct

Adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex Neural plasticity process of the central nervous system aimed at modifying the gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex to compensate for partial or total loss of the function of the posterior labyrinth. It is stimulated through gaze fixation exercises coordinated with head movements.

Also: vestibular plasticity · active vestibular compensation · gaze habituation

Pleomorphic parotid adenoma The most common benign tumor of the salivary glands, characterized by its histological diversity that combines epithelial elements and a myxoid or chondroid stroma. It is slow growing, firm to the touch and has the potential for malignant transformation.

Also: benign mixed parotid tumor · pleomorphic adenoma · mixed parotid neoplasia

Non-verbal auditory agnosia Neuropsychological defect in which the patient is able to perceive speech sounds and words, but has lost the ability to recognize and identify the meaning of non-linguistic environmental sounds, such as the barking of a dog or the ringing of a telephone.

Also: non-verbal acoustic agnosia · agnosia for sounds · environmental auditory recognition defect

Palatine tonsillectomy Surgical intervention that consists of extracapsular dissection and removal of the palatine tonsils, indicated in cases of frequently recurring infectious processes, severe obstruction or suspicion of malignancy.

Also: tonsil removal · palatal tonsillectomy · tonsillar surgery

Intracapsular tonsillotomy Surgical technique that consists of the partial removal of the palatine tonsils using a microdebrider or radiofrequency, respecting the external tonsillar capsule to significantly reduce pain in the postoperative period.

Also: intracapsular tonsillectomy · partial tonsillotomy · tonsil reduction with capsular conservation

Ludwig's angina Bacterial cellulitis of rapid progression and vital compromise that affects the submandibular, submental and sublingual spaces bilaterally, usually of dental origin. It causes elevation and protrusion of the tongue with the risk of suffocation.

Also: gangrenous cellulitis of the floor of the mouth · Ludwig's diffuse submandibular phlegmon · submandibular odontogenic infection

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma Benign but locally destructive vascular tumor, rich in fibrous stroma, that develops almost exclusively in adolescent males in the vicinity of the sphenopalatine foramen. It manifests itself with progressive nasal obstruction and massive subsequent bleeding.

Also: juvenile angiofibroma · AFJ · nasopharyngeal vascular tumor in adolescents

Anotia Complete congenital absence of the pinna and the external auditory canal due to a failure in the development of the mounds of the first and second branchial arches during the initial phases of gestation. Requires complex surgical reconstruction or bone anchor prosthesis.

Also: atrial agenesis · congenital absence of ear · total atrial atresia

Maxillary antrostomy Endonasal surgical technique aimed at widening the natural drainage ostium of the maxillary sinus in the middle meatus, allowing adequate ventilation of the cavity, the elimination of retained secretions or the removal of polyps and cysts.

Also: antrostomy of the middle meatus · median meatotomy · opening of the maxillary sinus

Petrous apicitis Inflammatory and infectious process that extends towards the petrous apex of the temporal bone in the course of an infection of the middle ear or mastoid, affecting the dura mater and adjacent cranial nerves.

Also: petrositis of the temporal apex · apical petrous infection · osteomyelitis of the petrous apex

Olfactory area of the mucosa Specialized region of the yellowish nasal mucosa located on the roof of the nasal passages, on the cribriform plate and the superior septum, which contains the supporting cells, Bowman's glands and olfactory receptor neurons.

Also: olfactory epithelium · olfactory mucosa · recipient area of the first cranial nerve

Aberrant internal carotid artery Uncommon anatomical anomaly in which the internal carotid artery runs through the middle ear cavity instead of following its normal bony path, appearing as a reddish pulsating mass.

Also: aberrant carotid in middle ear · abnormal intratympanic carotid path · aberrant intratympanic carotid

Labyrinthine artery Arterial vessel usually originating in the anterior inferior cerebellar artery that penetrates the internal auditory canal to provide exclusive blood supply to the cochlea and the structures of the posterior labyrinth. As it is a terminal artery, its ischemic obstruction produces sudden hearing loss and imbalance.

Also: internal auditory artery · terminal irrigation of the inner ear · vestibular-cochlear artery

Tympanic membrane atelectasis Collapse of the tympanic membrane into the tympanic cavity due to sustained negative pressure caused by Eustachian tube dysfunction.

Also: tympanic membrane retraction · atelectatic eardrum · tympanic collapse due to tubal vacuum

Choanal atresia Severe congenital malformation characterized by the persistence of the bucconasal membrane that partially or totally occludes the communication between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx. In newborns, it constitutes an immediate respiratory emergency due to mandatory nasal breathing.

Also: choanal imperforation · congenital choanal occlusion · nasopharyngeal atresia

Unilateral choanal atresia Malformation of nasal embryonic development characterized by the unilateral persistence of the bucconasal membrane that completely occludes one of the choanae, manifesting clinically with obstruction and accumulation of thick mucus in that fossa.

Also: unilateral choanal atresia · unilateral choanal occlusion · unilateral posterior nasal imperforation

Liminal tonal audiometry Subjective reference diagnostic test aimed at determining the minimum hearing thresholds of a patient for different pure frequencies, evaluating both the air conduction and the bone conduction. It allows classifying the type and degree of hearing loss.

Also: standard audiometry · tonal hearing test · liminal audiometric curve

Otic barotrauma Injury to the structures of the middle or inner ear caused by the inability of the Eustachian tube to quickly balance changes in external air pressure, such as in diving or aviation. It may cause tympanic retraction, serous effusion, hemotympanum, or rupture of membranes.

Also: median barotitis · tympanic pressure trauma · middle ear barotrauma

Biopsy of labial salivary glands Procedure that consists of making an incision in the internal mucosa of the lower lip to extract and histologically analyze minor salivary glands, being a key diagnostic tool in Sjögren's syndrome.

Also: Sjögren lip biopsy · biopsy of minor salivary glands · Sjögren's lip histology

Fungal ball of the paranasal sinuses Accumulation of a dense conglomerate of non-invasive fungal hyphae, generally of Aspergillus species, which locally colonizes a paranasal sinus without invading the underlying mucosa.

Also: sinus mycetoma · fungal ball in maxillary sinus · paranasal sinus aspergilloma

Tympanic retraction bag Localized invagination of the tympanic membrane, generally in the pars flaccida or in the posterior portion, due to the weakness of the membrane and the vacuum pressure of the middle ear.

Also: rear retraction pocket · invagination of the eardrum · posterior tympanic pocket

Vascular loop of the cerebellar artery Anatomical anomaly of a positional nature in which the anterior inferior cerebellar artery penetrates deeply into the internal auditory canal or comes into direct contact with the vestibulocochlear nerve. This mechanical compression of the nerve sheath can cause repeated dizziness or facial pain.

Also: AICA loop · neurovascular compression of the eighth nerve · vestibulocochlear vascular conflict

Horizontal semicircular canal Membranous semicircular canal of the inner ear oriented in a plane of inclination of thirty degrees, responsible for detecting the turns and angular accelerations of the head in the plane of horizontal rotation.

Also: lateral semicircular canal · external semicircular canal · horizontal balance channel

Posterior semicircular canal Vertical semicircular canal of the posterior labyrinth oriented parallel to the axis of the petrous bone, which detects angular accelerations in the planes of lateral inclination, being the most prone to suffering from canalithiasis.

Also: vertical posterior semicircular canal · posterior vertical semicircular canal · posterior canal of free otoliths

Upper semicircular canal Semicircular canal of the vestibule of the inner ear oriented in a vertical plane perpendicular to the axis of the petrous bone, responsible for perceiving the angular accelerations of the head in the anterior and posterior flexion planes.

Also: anterior semicircular canal · anterior superior semicircular canal · superior vertical canal of the inner ear

Canalithiasis of the semicircular canal Physiopathological variation characterized by the free movement of otolith particles within the endolymph of a semicircular canal, with the posterior one being the most frequently affected. This abnormal movement inappropriately stimulates the ampullary crests by changing the position of the head.

Also: free otoliths in endolymph · mobile endolymphatic particles · canalicular otolithic displacement

Adenoid cystic carcinoma Malignant neoplasm of salivary glands that shows a cribriform growth pattern, characterized by its high neurotropicity and tendency to early perineural invasion. It is associated with a slow but progressive local recurrence.

Also: salivary cylindroma · adenoid cystic adenocarcinoma · adenoid cystic tumor

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the salivary gland Malignant neoplasm of salivary glands characterized by a mixture of mucosecretory, epidermoid and intermediate cells in variable proportions. Its clinical behavior ranges between low-grade tumors and high-grade carcinomas with high aggressiveness.

Also: mucoepidermoid carcinoma · salivary malignant mucoepidermoid neoplasia · mucoepidermoid salivary tumor

Quadrangular cartilage of the septum Quadrilateral-shaped hyaline cartilage structure that constitutes the anterior and middle portion of the nasal septum, providing the main structural support to the tip and dorsum of the nose, and serving as support for the septal mucosa.

Also: cartilage of the nasal septum · septal cartilage · cartilaginous portion of the septum

Outer hair cells Sensory cells arranged in three or four rows that have an active electromotive property, contracting and elongating synchronously with sound to amplify mechanical vibrations.

Also: active cochlear amplifiers · Corti electromotive cells · amplifying outer hair cells

Inner hair cells Sensory mechanoreceptor cells arranged in a single row along the cochlea, responsible for carrying out the main sensory transduction by releasing neurotransmitters to the afferent fibers of the auditory nerve.

Also: primary auditory receptors · inner hair cells of Corti · acoustic hearing transducers

Postseptal cellulitis Severe bacterial infection of the soft tissues and fatty content of the orbit located behind the orbital septum, which clinically presents with intense ocular pain, painful limitation of eye movements, proptosis and decreased vision.

Also: deep orbital cellulitis · retroseptal cellulitis · postseptal infection of the orbit

Septal perforation closure Surgical reconstruction procedure used to repair a defect or communication in the nasal septum, using rotated nasal mucosa flaps or grafts of temporal fascia or auricular cartilage.

Also: septum perforation repair · septal perforation reconstruction · nasal piercing plasty

Draf I Surgery Endoscopic approach technique of the frontal sinus that consists of the resection of the anterior ethmoidal cells and the Agger Nasi cell to free the frontal recess without directly opening the floor of the sinus.

Also: endoscopic drainage of the frontal sinus type I · frontal recess surgery · Draf I boarding

Draf II Surgery Endoscopic procedure that involves resecting the floor of the frontal sinus unilaterally, directly expanding the drainage ostium from the interfrontal septum to the internal orbital wall to facilitate ventilation.

Also: endoscopic drainage of the frontal sinus type II · unilateral frontal antrostomy · Draf II boarding

Draf III Surgery Advanced endoscopic intervention that consists of complete resection of the floor of both frontal sinuses, the upper portion of the anterior nasal septum and the interfrontal septum, creating a common drainage cavity in the bilateral middle meatus.

Also: modified Lothrop procedure · extended bilateral frontal antrostomy · Draf III boarding

Endoscopic sinonasal surgery Minimally invasive approach that uses rigid fiber optic endoscopes and specialized instruments to treat conditions of the paranasal sinuses and the base of the skull through the natural nasal passages, reestablishing physiological mucociliary drainage.

Also: CENS · endoscopic sinus surgery · endonasal microsurgery

Atical cholesteatoma Type of cholesteatoma that begins from a retraction pocket in the pars flaccida of the tympanic membrane, invading the attic or epitympanic recess. Its growth progressively erodes the lateral wall of the attic, the head of the malleus, and the body of the incus.

Also: cholesteatoma of the pars flaccida · Shrapnell's atical cholesteatoma · epitympanic keratoma

Middle ear cholesteatoma Keratoma of progressive and destructive growth in the tympanic cavity, formed by a keratinized epithelial matrix with the capacity to erode the surrounding bone structures. Its presence is usually associated with marginal perforations of the tympanic membrane or deep invaginations of the pars flaccida.

Also: otic cholesteatoma · middle ear keratoma · keratin pearl tumor

Cholesteatoma of the tympanic sinus Keratoma of the middle ear caused by a retraction pocket in the posterosuperior portion of the parstension, which extends deeply into the tympanic sinus and the oval window niche. It is technically difficult to remove due to its hidden location behind the facial nerve canal.

Also: cholesteatoma of the posterior parstension · tympanic sinus keratoma · posteromedial cholesteatoma

Pectoralis major flap pedicled myocutaneous flap that is rotated towards the neck through a subcutaneous tunnel to reconstruct the pharyngeal wall or close persistent pharyngocutaneous fistulas after laryngectomies.

Also: pectoralis major myocutaneous flap · cervical reconstruction with pectoral · pectoral flap for pharynx

Laser cordectomy Partial or total endoscopic excision of one of the vocal cords using a carbon dioxide laser under microscopic vision. It is used to treat premalignant lesions or limited chordal carcinomas.

Also: laser chordal resection · endoscopic cordectomy · vocal cord laser microsurgery

Superior nasal turbinate Thin bone structure covered with respiratory mucosa that is part of the lateral mass of the ethmoid bone, located in the most superior and posterior portion of the nasal fossa, above the middle turbinate.

Also: upper turbinate · upper nasal concha · superior ethmoidal turbinate

Primary auditory cortex Area of the cerebral cortex located bilaterally in the transverse gyri of Heschl, in the superior temporal lobe, responsible for the initial tonotopic processing of auditory stimuli coming from the thalamus.

Also: Brodmann areas 41 and 42 · Heschl convolutions · primary auditory cortex

Laser tonsillar cryptolysis Technique that uses carbon dioxide laser to vaporize the epithelial walls of the tonsillar crypts, flattening the surface of the palatine tonsil and eliminating spaces prone to the retention of fetid material.

Also: laser cryptolysis · laser ablation of tonsillar crypts · CO2 laser tonsillar smoothing

Tonsillar cryptolysis by radiofrequency Procedure that uses radiofrequency energy to induce the ablation and remodeling of the deep crypts of the palatine tonsils, reducing their depth to prevent the accumulation of food debris and bacteria.

Also: radiofrequency cryptolysis · tonsillar crypt ablation · thermal reduction of tonsil crypts

Medial geniculate body Nucleus of the posterior thalamus that functions as the last synaptic relay center of the ascending auditory pathway, processing and integrating frequency, intensity and time information before projecting it to the temporal auditory cortex.

Also: medial geniculate nucleus · thalamic auditory relay · geniculate body of the auditory pathway

Vestibular cupulolithiasis Biomechanical alteration of the inner ear in which otolith particles adhere directly to the dome of an ampullary crest, making it sensitive to gravity. Clinically, it produces eye movements and postural dizziness that are persistent and last longer than canalithiasis.

Also: otoliths attached to the dome · cupular affection of the semicircular canal · asymmetric cupular density

Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy Surgical creation of a direct passageway between the lacrimal sac and the nasal cavity at the level of the middle meatus using endoscopes, to bypass an obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct and resolve epiphora.

Also: Endoscopic DCR · endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy · endoscopic tear bypass

Upper esophageal sphincter dysfunction Alteration of hypopharyngeal motility characterized by a failure in coordinated relaxation, spasm or weakness of the cricopharyngeal portion of the inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx during swallowing. It causes difficulty and a feeling of suffocation.

Also: functional cricopharyngeal achalasia · cricopharyngeal spasm · cricopharyngeal swallowing dyskinesia

Sensory neurodysosmia Alteration of the perception of smell of sensory or neural origin, characterized by a distortion or decrease in the identification of odors after lesions of the olfactory epithelium, the olfactory nerve or its central connections.

Also: dysosmia · olfactory neurosensory disorder · alteration of olfactory discrimination

Laryngeal dystonia Neurological voice disorder characterized by involuntary muscle spasms that interrupt phonation. In its adduction variant it causes a strained voice, while in the abduction variant it causes intermittent falls of a blown nature.

Also: spasmodic dysphonia · focal vocal dystonia · laryngeal phonation spasm

Zenker's pharyngoesophageal diverticulum Inpulsion diverticulum that originates from herniation of the posterior pharyngeal mucosa through Killian's area of least muscular resistance, located above the cricopharyngeus muscle.

Also: Zenker's diverticulum · posterior hypopharyngeal diverticulum · pharyngoesophageal impulse sac

Zenker diverticulotomy Surgical technique that consists of sectioning the muscular septum that separates the cavity of the Zenker's diverticulum from the esophageal lumen, usually using transoral endoscopic stapling, jointly resolving the cricopharyngeal obstruction.

Also: endoscopic diverticulostomy · transoral Zenker procedure · division of diverticular septum

Referred ear pain due to temporomandibular dysfunction Painful sensation located in the ear but whose pathophysiological origin lies in inflammation, degeneration or biomechanical overload of the temporomandibular joint.

Also: reflex otalgia due to TMJ · temporomandibular referred otic pain · ear pain due to jaw dysfunction

Reinke's edema Chronic accumulation of gelatinous fluid in the virtual Reinke space under the epithelium of the vocal folds, closely related to chronic tobacco consumption and vocal abuse. Clinically it generates a voice with a characteristically deep and hoarse tone.

Also: polypoid degeneration of vocal cords · chronic edematous laryngitis · gelatinous edema of vocal cords

Laryngeal electromyography Recording of the electrical activity of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx that allows to accurately evaluate the functional integrity of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal nerve.

Also: EMGl · vocal fold electromyography · laryngeal electrophysiological recording

Electroneurography of the facial nerve Electrophysiological study that quantitatively evaluates the degree of axonal degeneration of the facial nerve by comparing the amplitude of the evoked compound muscle potentials.

Also: ENoG facial · maximum facial stimulation test · facial nerve neurography

Transnasal sphenoidotomy Surgical technique that consists of the direct opening of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus through the sphenoethmoidal recess using endoscopic control, allowing drainage of secretions and access to the middle cranial fossa.

Also: endoscopic sphenoidotomy · opening of the sphenoid sinus · transnasal approach to the sphenoid

Osteocartilaginous septal spur Deformity or bony and cartilaginous excrescence located unilaterally in the nasal septum, which protrudes prominently into the nasal fossa, compromising airflow or compressing the adjacent turbinates, causing pain or headache.

Also: nasal spur · bony septal crest · septal spur

Schuknecht stapedectomy Variant of stapedectomy in which the fixed plate of the stapes is removed and the conductive mechanism of hearing is reconstructed by placing a connective tissue or vein graft and a steel wire prosthesis.

Also: stapedectomy with Schuknecht interposition · Schuknecht stapedial reconstruction · Schuknecht technique for otosclerosis

Microscopic stapedectomy Surgical intervention in which the stapes plate fixed by otosclerosis is partially or totally removed, replacing it with a connective tissue graft and an ossicular prosthesis. It allows you to restore the mobility of the chain and correct the air-sensory gap in hearing.

Also: removal of the stapes plate · total stapedectomy · stapedectomy with tissue interposition

Laser stapedotomy Microscopic surgical technique used to treat otosclerosis, which consists of making a micro-hole using a laser in the fixed plate of the stapes to place a Teflon or titanium prosthesis. This technique minimizes mechanical trauma to the vestibule and internal membranous labyrinth.

Also: microstapedotomy · laser for stirrup · laser stage fenestration

Subglottic stenosis Narrowing of the airway in the region immediately below the vocal cords to the lower edge of the cricoid cartilage. It can be congenital or acquired after prolonged orotracheal intubation.

Also: cricoid stenosis · subglottic narrowing · subglottic airway obstruction

Esthesioneuroblastoma Uncommon neuroectodermal malignant neoplasm originating from the olfactory epithelium located in the vault of the nasal passages, with the capacity to invade the anterior cranial fossa and orbit.

Also: olfactory esthesioneuroblastoma · olfactory neuroblastoma · estsioneuroepithelioma

Vascular striae of the cochlea Band of highly vascularized epithelial tissue located on the lateral wall of the cochlear duct, responsible for actively producing and secreting endolymph and maintaining the high positive potential.

Also: stria vascularis · endolymph-secreting epithelium · cochlear electrochemical regulator

Laryngeal stroboscopy Clinical examination of the larynx that uses light pulses synchronized at a frequency slightly different from the vibration of the vocal cords, allowing the vibration movement and mucosal wave to be observed in simulated slow motion.

Also: vocal fold stroboscopy · laryngostroboscopy · laryngeal videostroboscopy

Previous ethmoidectomy Surgical procedure that consists of the opening, drainage and excision of the anterior ethmoidal cells using an endoscopic approach to treat chronic rhinosinusitis or polyposis resistant to conventional medical treatment.

Also: opening of ethmoidal cells · partial endoscopic ethmoidectomy · transnasal anterior ethmoidectomy

Posterior endoscopic ethmoidectomy Endonasal opening and surgical excision of the posterior ethmoidal cells located behind the plane of the anterior surface of the middle turbinate, indicated to treat chronic inflammatory processes that are difficult to control.

Also: opening of posterior ethmoidal cells · posterior ethmoidectomy · posterior ethmoid endoscopic surgery

Hallucinatory phantosmia Abnormal olfactory perception of an illusory nature in which the patient experiences an odor, usually unpleasant, in the absence of any stimulus or odoriferous chemical substance in the environment, due to central or psychiatric dysfunctions.

Also: phantosmia · olfactory hallucination · perception of phantom odor

Circumferential pharyngolaryngectomy Radical surgical intervention that involves the resection of the entire larynx along with the entire surrounding pharyngeal segment circumferentially, requiring reconstruction using complex flaps.

Also: total laryngopharyngectomy · circumferential pharyngolaryngeal excision · radical resection of the hypopharynx and larynx

Tullio Phenomenon Induction of symptoms of imbalance and instability or involuntary eye movements, specifically triggered by intense high-frequency noises. It is a finding indicative of structural anomalies in the inner ear, such as dehiscence of the superior semicircular canal.

Also: sound-induced instability · noise syncope · acoustic vestibular reflex

Cerebrospinal fluid fistula of the lamina cribrosa Anomalous communication that allows the outflow of cerebrospinal fluid from the anterior cranial fossa into the nasal fossa through a defect in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, with a high risk of bacterial meningitis.

Also: lamina cribrosa CSF fistula · ethmoidal rhinoliquorrhea · ethmoid-nasal cerebrospinal fluid fistula

Perilymphatic fistula Anomalous communication between the perilymphatic space of the inner ear and the middle ear cavity, usually located in the oval or round window. It can arise from trauma or barotrauma, and causes fluctuating deafness and balance symptoms triggered by pressure changes.

Also: oval window fistula · round window fistula · membranous labyrinthine fistula

Preauricular fistula Benign congenital anomaly that presents as a small hole or blind tract located immediately in front of the helix of the pinna. It is caused by a defective fusion of the auricular mounds during embryogenesis and can suffer from recurrent infectious processes.

Also: preauricular cyst · preauricular fossa · congenital preauricular sinus

Cutaneous salivary fistula Persistent abnormal communication that spills saliva from the parotid to the skin of the neck or cheek, arising as a complication of a parotidectomy or a dehiscence of the suture planes of the soft tissues.

Also: salivocutaneous fistula · saliva leakage from cervical wound · postparotidectomy fistula

Spiral ganglion of Corti Group of bipolar neurons located in the modiolus canals, whose peripheral axons collect information from the internal hair cells and whose central axons form the auditory nerve.

Also: spiral auditory ganglion · cochlear ganglion of Corti · initial neural center of hearing

Glomus tympanicus Benign vascular tumor originating from the paraganglionic bodies located on the promontory of the middle ear, which clinically produces a pulsating noise synchronous with the pulse and conductive hearing loss. Your examination shows a reddish or bluish mass behind an intact tympanic membrane.

Also: tympanic paraganglioma · middle ear chemodectomy · glomus of the inferior tympanic artery

Glomus jugularis Benign but locally invasive neoplasm that arises from the paraganglia of the gulf of the jugular vein, and can extend to the middle ear and the base of the skull. It usually involves the lower cranial nerves in the posterior foramen lacerum, manifesting with vagus, glossopharyngeal and accessory paralysis.

Also: jugular paraganglioma · jugular gulf chemodectomy · jugulotympanic glomus tumor

Helicotrema Small hole located at the apex of the cochlea through which the scala vestibularis and the scala tympani communicate directly, allowing the continuity of the flow of perilymphatic fluids.

Also: apical cochlear helicotrema · apical orifice of the cochlea · perilymphatic passage of the cochlear apex

Septal hematoma Accumulation of blood in the subperichondrical space of the nasal septum, usually secondary to direct nasal trauma or surgery. Requires immediate bilateral incision and drainage to avoid cartilage detachment and cosmetic deformities.

Also: hematoma of the nasal septum · septal otohematoma · septal blood effusion

Vertical hemilaryngectomy Procedure that completely removes one of the vocal cords, the corresponding ventricular band, the laryngeal ventricle and half of the ipsilateral thyroid lamina, preserving phonation in a blown but effective manner.

Also: unilateral vertical laryngectomy · standard vertical hemilaryngectomy · vertical removal of half the larynx

Laryngeal cleft Uncommon congenital malformation characterized by a fusion defect of the posterior wall of the larynx and the tracheoesophageal septum, which creates an abnormal communication between the airway and the upper digestive tract.

Also: laryngotracheoesophageal fissure · posterior laryngeal cleft · cricoid cleft

Olfactory slit Narrow anatomical space located in the most superior portion of the common nasal fossa, delimited by the nasal septum and the medial wall of the superior turbinate, where the olfactory sensory epithelium is located.

Also: olfactory cleft · nasal olfactory attic · upper olfactory region

Chronic inflamed tympanic cleft Chronic inflammatory process of the mucosa that lines the middle ear, the mastoid cells and the Eustachian tube, manifested by hyperplastic histological changes or epithelial metaplasia.

Also: mucosal inflammation of the middle ear · chronic tympanic mucosa · persistent tympanic inflammatory process

Endolymphatic hydrops Pathological distention of the endolymphatic compartment of the inner ear due to overproduction or poor clearance of endolymph at the level of the endolymphatic sac. This pressure alteration is associated with auditory fluctuation, ear pressure and episodic dizziness.

Also: endolymphatic hydrops · endolymphatic hypertension · distension of the membranous labyrinth

Inferior turbinate hypertrophy Increase in the size of the inferior nasal conchae, due to congestion of its cavernous vascular plexus or growth of its bone structure, which generates chronic nasal obstruction. Responds to inflammatory, allergic or compensatory processes.

Also: enlarged inferior turbinates · inferior turbinal hypertrophy · chronic inflamed turbinates

Clinical acoustic impedanciometry Objective examination that evaluates the resistance and compliance of the tympano-ossicular system to pressure variations in the external auditory canal. It allows diagnosing pathologies of the middle ear by tracing pressure curves and recording the reflex of the stapes muscle.

Also: admittance tympanometry · acoustic-facial reflex · ear impedance study

Multichannel cochlear implant Active biomedical device that replaces the function of the damaged cochlea, transforming acoustic signals from the environment into electrical impulses that directly stimulate the fibers of the auditory nerve. It is prescribed in cases of severe to profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss.

Also: cochlear electrostimulation · active cochlear prosthesis · bioelectric hearing device

Vocal disability index Standardized questionnaire that subjectively evaluates the impact perceived by the patient due to their voice disorder in the functional, physical and emotional spheres of their work and social life.

Also: VHI-30 · Voice Handicap Index · perceived vocal disability index

Persistent perceptual postural instability Disorder characterized by chronic, fluctuating subjective dizziness lasting more than three months, which worsens in an upright position, due to environmental movement or exposure to visually complex environments. It occurs without there being a demonstrable active peripheral vestibular alteration.

Also: IPPP · PPPD · persistent phobic postural dizziness · chronic subjective instability

Acute frontal sinus infection Acute bacterial or viral inflammatory and infectious process located in the cavity of the frontal sinus that produces oppressive supraorbital pain that is exacerbated by anterior tilt of the head.

Also: acute inflammation of the frontal sinus · acute frontal retained secretion · supraciliary congestion

Allergic fungal inflammation of the paranasal sinuses Non-invasive inflammatory process of the paranasal sinuses caused by an IgE-mediated allergic hypersensitivity response to environmental fungal antigens.

Also: non-invasive allergic sinus mycosis · sinus fungal allergy · allergic sinus fungal inflammation

Chronic eosinophilic sinonasal inflammation Long-lasting variant of sinonasal mucosal inflammation characterized by a dense infiltration of eosinophilic leukocytes in the mucosal tissue and nasal polyps.

Also: eCRS · eosinophilic sinonasal mucosa · type 2 nasal inflammation of the paranasal cavities

Cholesteatomatous invasion of the semicircular canal Bone erosion of the inner ear capsule caused by pressure and osteolytic enzymes from a cholesteatoma, mainly affecting the lateral semicircular canal. It exposes the endolymph to pressure variations, causing a high risk of destructive labyrinthitis and permanent deafness.

Also: cholesteatomatous lateral canal fistula · erosion of the semicircular canal · cholesteatoma with labyrinthine fistula

Intratympanic injection of dexamethasone Introduction of a sterile dexamethasone solution into the middle ear cavity through the tympanic membrane, allowing passive diffusion of the corticosteroid through the round window to treat cochlear inflammation.

Also: intratympanic corticotherapy · dexamethasone infusion into the middle ear · transtympanic steroid injection

Intratympanic injection of gentamicin Pharmacological vestibular destruction procedure that consists of the intratympanic instillation of gentamicin, an antibiotic with vestibulotoxic selectivity, to effectively control refractory instability crises.

Also: intratympanic gentamicin instillation · chemical destruction of the labyrinth · vestibular ablation with gentamicin

Surgical labyrinthectomy Operation consisting of the opening and destruction of the sensory structures of the posterior labyrinth through a transmastoid approach, indicated to completely eliminate the vestibular function of an ear without useful hearing.

Also: transmastoid labyrinthectomy · surgical destruction of the anterior labyrinth · total destructive labyrinthectomy

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid Horizontal bone plate perforated by multiple holes that forms part of the ethmoid bone and the base of the skull, through whose pores the axons of the olfactory nerve pass from the nasal mucosa to the olfactory bulb.

Also: lamina cribrosa · perforated portion of the ethmoid · olfactory bone roof

Perpendicular sheet of the ethmoid Thin, vertical plate of bone tissue that forms part of the ethmoid bone and constitutes the posterosuperior portion of the nasal septum, articulating with the quadrangular cartilage, the vomer bone and the nasal bones themselves.

Also: perpendicular sheet · upper bony portion of the septum · vertical plate of the ethmoid

Previous frontal laryngectomy Partial laryngectomy technique indicated in malignant tumors that invade the anterior glottic commissure, characterized by the removal of the anterior third of both vocal cords and the midline thyroid cartilage.

Also: Leroux-Robert laryngectomy · anterior hemilaryngectomy · partial vertical resection of the anterior commissure

Partial laryngectomy Conservative surgical techniques for the treatment of laryngeal cancer in early stages that remove the tumor with safety margins while preserving swallowing and breathing functions in a variable manner.

Also: partial reconstructive laryngectomy · partial laryngeal resection · conserving larynx surgery

Total laryngectomy Radical surgical intervention used in advanced laryngeal tumors that consists of the complete removal of the larynx, the hyoid bone and the definitive separation of the respiratory and digestive tracts, requiring a permanent tracheal stoma.

Also: complete removal of the larynx · radical laryngectomy · total laryngectomy surgery

Laryngocele Anomalous dilation of the saccule of Morgan's ventricle filled with air, which communicates with the laryngeal lumen and can expand through the thyrohyoid membrane towards the soft tissues of the neck, manifesting as a fluctuating cervical mass.

Also: laryngeal air cyst · internal-external laryngocele · laryngeal saccule dilation

Laryngomalacia The most common congenital laryngeal anomaly characterized by the flaccidity and inward collapse of the supraglottic structures during inspiration, generating a high-pitched respiratory sound known as stridor.

Also: congenital laryngeal stridor · inspiratory supraglottic collapse · congenital laryngeal sagging

Direct laryngoscopy Procedure that allows direct visualization of the interior of the larynx under general anesthesia through the use of a rigid laryngoscope introduced through the oral cavity, facilitating the taking of biopsies or the excision of lesions.

Also: direct suspension laryngoscopy · diagnostic laryngeal microsurgery · direct laryngeal endoscopy

Lateral lemniscus Bundle of ascending nerve fibers of the auditory pathway located in the brainstem that connects the superior olivary complex and the cochlear nuclei with the inferior colliculus of the midbrain. It is an essential path for the transmission of auditory signals from both ears.

Also: lateral lemniscus pathway · auditory bundle of the brainstem · lateral lemniscus of the pons

Frenzel's Glasses Optical device consisting of glasses provided with high-prescription convex lenses and internal lighting that cancels the patient's ocular fixation. It is used to clearly observe and analyze positional, spontaneous or provoked nystagmus in a darkened environment.

Also: Frenzel's glasses · Frenzel's magnifying glasses · vestibular scanning lenses

Endolymphatic fluid Viscous fluid of unique composition, with a high concentration of potassium and very low sodium, which fills the interior of the membranous labyrinth, including the semicircular canals.

Also: endolymph · endolymphatic fluid · fluid of the membranous compartment

Perilymphatic fluid Fluid with a composition similar to cerebrospinal fluid, characterized by its high concentration of sodium and low potassium content, which bathes the scala tympani and vestibularis of the cochlea.

Also: perilymph · perilymphatic fluid · perilymphatic compartment fluid

Logoaudiometry Audiological test that evaluates a subject's ability to perceive, discriminate and understand spoken words presented at different levels of sound intensity. It measures the percentage of words correctly repeated and determines the speech intelligibility threshold.

Also: verbal audiometry · word discrimination test · clinical logoaudiometry

Saccule stain Sensory receptor of the saccule of the inner ear arranged in a vertical plane, responsible for registering linear acceleration movements of a vertical nature, such as those produced by gravity.

Also: saccule receiver · gravity saccular macula · vertical gravity sensor

Macula of the utricle Specialized sensory structure located inside the utricle, oriented in a horizontal plane, containing hair cells covered by an otolithic membrane, responsible for perceiving horizontal linear acceleration.

Also: utricle receptor · utricular macula of balance · horizontal gravity sensor

Mal debarquement Syndrome characterized by the persistence of a subjective sensation of rolling, lateral rolling or pitching after exposure to prolonged passive movement, such as a boat or airplane trip. Unlike other disorders, symptoms usually ease temporarily when the patient returns to movement.

Also: disembarkation syndrome · persistent motion sickness · persistence of passive movement

Brandt-Daroff maneuver Physical exercises for vestibular habituation performed at home that consist of repeated movements of lying laterally quickly towards both sides. They are prescribed to reduce the sensitivity of the inner ear due to positional dizziness or after incomplete repositioning maneuvers.

Also: Brandt-Daroff habituation exercises · vestibular re-education exercises · postural habituation technique

Dix-Hallpike maneuver Reference positional diagnostic test used to trigger the ocular jerk characteristic of involvement of the posterior or anterior semicircular canal. It consists of turning the patient's head forty-five degrees and quickly lying him down with his head hanging off the stretcher.

Also: Dix-Hallpike test · positional provocation maneuver · Dix-Hallpike vestibular test

Epley maneuver Therapeutic particle repositioning procedure that consists of a series of sequential cephalic rotations aimed at returning the free otoliths from the posterior semicircular canal towards the utricle. It is highly effective in relieving the symptoms of postural disorders of the inner ear.

Also: Epley replacement maneuver · maneuver for posterior semicircular canal · Epley treatment

Gufoni maneuver Rapid therapeutic procedure designed to treat benign paroxysmal positional dizziness that affects the horizontal semicircular canal, both in its variants of canalithiasis and cupulolithiasis. It uses sudden lateral movements of the trunk on a stretcher to mobilize otolith particles.

Also: release maneuver for side channel · Gufoni technique · Gufoni kinetic treatment

Lempert maneuver Particle repositioning procedure indicated in the treatment of canalithiasis of the horizontal semicircular canal, consisting of successive rotations of the patient's body of ninety degrees until completing a complete turn of three hundred and sixty degrees.

Also: barbecue maneuver · three hundred and sixty degree rotation maneuver · reset for horizontal channel

Semont maneuver Quick release vestibular repositioning procedure that uses sudden movements of the trunk and head to both sides to detach the otoliths attached in cupulolithiasis or mobilize those in canalithiasis. It is an effective alternative to the Epley maneuver.

Also: Semont liberation maneuver · Semont kinetic maneuver · Semont technique

Phobic postural dizziness Balance disturbance of psychophysiological origin characterized by the presence of constant dizziness, subjective instability when walking and a sensation of rocking, frequently triggered after a previous acute vestibular disorder. It is associated with avoidance behaviors and excessive postural hypervigilance.

Also: visual dizziness · phobic instability · dizziness due to visual stimulation

Open cavity mastoidectomy Surgical intervention that consists of the excision of the mastoid cells and the resection of the posterior wall of the external auditory canal, converting the mastoid, the auditory canal and the middle ear into a single cavity.

Also: radical mastoidectomy · wall down canal mastoidectomy · mastoid excision with wall lowering

Closed cavity mastoidectomy Surgical procedure that removes the infected mastoid cells while preserving the posterior bone wall of the external auditory canal intact, which ideally preserves the normal anatomy of the canal.

Also: cortical mastoidectomy · wall up canal mastoidectomy · mastoid excision with wall preservation

Inferior nasal meatus Nasal duct or passage located between the inferior turbinate and the floor of the nasal fossa, into whose anterior third the nasolacrimal duct opens, allowing the drainage of tears from the lacrimal sac towards the nasal cavity.

Also: inferior meatus · inferior nasal passage · nasal tear drainage tract

Middle nasal meatus Anatomical space of the nasal fossa delimited externally by the lateral wall and medially by the middle turbinate, of great clinical importance as it houses the osteomeatal complex and the ventilation and drainage pathways of the maxillary, frontal and anterior ethmoid sinuses.

Also: middle meatus · middle nasal passage · middle osteomeatal region

Superior nasal meatus Space or canal in the lateral wall of the nasal fossa located below the superior turbinate and above the middle turbinate, into which the posterior ethmoidal cells and the sphenoid sinus drain physiologically through the sphenoethmoidal recess.

Also: superior meatus · upper nasal passage · posterior ethmoidal drainage pathway

Basilar membrane Fibrous membrane that separates the cochlear duct from the scala tympani, on which the organ of Corti rests. Their width and stiffness vary to allow for selective frequency tuning.

Also: basilar membrane of the cochlea · auditory basilar plate · cochlear resonance base

Reissner membrane Thin cellular sheet that separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibularis, allowing strict chemical separation to be maintained between the endolymph of the duct and the perilymph of the scala.

Also: Reissner's vestibular membrane · Reissner sheet · vestibular perilymph-endolymph separation

Tectorial membrane Acellular and fibrous gelatin structure that hangs over the organ of Corti, against which the cilia of the outer hair cells contact and are sheared when the basilar membrane vibrates.

Also: tectorial membrane of the cochlea · gelatinous sheet of Corti · hearing protective cover

Microtia Congenital malformation of the pinna characterized by incomplete development or hypoplasia of the structures of the external ear, which varies from mild alterations to the presence of a cartilaginous lobular remnant. It is frequently associated with the absence of the external canal.

Also: congenital small ear · hypoplasia of the auricle · congenital auricular malformation

Cricopharyngeal myopathy Disorder characterized by the degeneration, atrophy or fibrosis of the muscle fibers of the cricopharyngeal muscle, which limits its elasticity and capacity for coordinated relaxation, selectively interfering with the passage of the bolus towards the esophagus.

Also: intrinsic cricopharyngeal dysfunction · cricopharyngeal fibrosis · upper esophageal sphincter dystrophy

Hemorrhagic bullous myringitis Acute inflammatory process of the tympanic membrane characterized by the formation of blisters with serosanguineous content in the external epithelial layer. It usually has a viral etiology or is caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and is associated with ear pain of great intensity and sudden onset.

Also: bullous myringitis · bullous myringitis · flu myringitis

Plyctenular myringitis Acute inflammatory process of the eardrum characterized by the appearance of vesicles or flictenae filled with serous fluid under the outer epithelial layer of the tympanic membrane. It usually occurs during viral respiratory infections and is associated with a lancinating ear pain.

Also: hemorrhagic bullous myringitis · tympanic conflicts · vesicular inflammation of the membrane

Evacuation myringocentesis Controlled aspiration puncture of the tympanic membrane intended to evacuate the serous or mucous fluid retained in the middle ear, relieving the sensation of blockage and temporarily improving the hearing threshold.

Also: tympanic puncture · middle ear aspiration · aspirational myringotomy

Focal myringosclerosis Localized deposition of calcium plaques and dense hyaline tissue within the lamina propria of the tympanic membrane, a consequence of previous inflammatory processes or the insertion of ventilation tubes.

Also: tympanic membrane sclerosis · tympanic calcareous plaques · myringosclerosis scars

Myringotomy Minor surgical procedure that consists of making a small incision in the tympanic membrane, generally in the anteroinferior quadrant, to drain accumulated fluid or pus from the middle ear cavity. It is frequently combined with the insertion of ventilation tubes.

Also: tympanic paracentesis · tympanic incision · surgical tympanocentesis

Modiolo Conical-shaped central bone structure around which the cochlea canal spirals, and through whose fine canals the axons of the cochlear nerve run.

Also: columella of the cochlea · bone modiolus · central axis of the cochlea

Frontal sinus mucocele Benign mucosal retention cyst located inside the frontal sinus that expands slowly and progressively due to the permanent obstruction of its drainage duct, and can erode the orbit or the anterior cranial fossa.

Also: frontal sinus mucosal cyst · frontal cystic dilation

Nasosinusal mucocele Slow-growing retention cyst located inside a paranasal sinus, caused by complete obstruction of its drainage ostium, which causes accumulation of mucus, thinning and remodeling of the surrounding bone walls.

Also: frontal mucocele · sinus mucosal cyst · ethmoidal mucocele

Nasofibrolaryngoscopy Endoscopic examination performed by introducing a flexible fiber optic endoscope through the nasal passages, allowing the nasal fossa, cavum, pharynx and larynx to be explored dynamically and with the patient awake.

Also: flexible fibrolaryngoscopy · Nasolaryngopharyngeal endoscopy · fiberoptic nasolaryngoscopy

Arnold's Nerve Atrial branch of the vagus nerve that provides sensory innervation to the posterior portion of the external auditory canal and the posterior surface of the tympanic membrane.

Also: auricular branch of the vagus · otic cough reflex nerve · Arnold's auricular nerve

Jacobson's nerve Branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve that penetrates the middle ear cavity, forming a plexus on the promontory responsible for the sensitivity of the tympanic mucosa and transporting fibers of parotid secretion.

Also: tympanic nerve of the glossopharyngeal · Jacobson's tympanic plexus · Jacobson's nerve of parotid secretion

Greater superficial petrosal nerve Branch of the facial nerve that arises from the geniculate ganglion and transports preganglionic parasympathetic fibers destined for the lacrimal gland and the glands of the nasal mucosa.

Also: greater petrosal nerve · superior facial parasympathetic branch · tear secretion nerve

Vestibular neurectomy Procedure that consists of the selective section of the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve in the internal auditory canal or in the cerebellopontine angle, preserving the auditory function of the cochlear branch.

Also: section of the vestibular nerve · neurectomy of the VIII nerve · surgical vestibular disconnection

Vocal cord nodules Benign, keratotic, bilateral and symmetrical thickenings located at the junction of the anterior and two posterior thirds of the free edge of the vocal cords, secondary to vocal abuse. They produce a picture of functional voice alteration.

Also: vocal nodules · calluses of the vocal cords · phonation nodes

Dorsal cochlear nucleus Neural structure of the brainstem responsible for receiving high-frequency fibers from the cochlear nerve, specifically processing signals related to frequency discrimination and vertical location of sound sources.

Also: dorsal auditory nucleus of the medulla · dorsal portion of the cochlear nucleus · bulbar hearing frequency processor

Ventral cochlear nucleus Neural center located in the anterolateral portion of the brainstem that receives primary afferents from the auditory nerve and processes information about the intensity and arrival time of sound, essential for horizontal localization.

Also: ventral auditory nucleus · ventral portion of the cochlear nucleus · sound arrival time processor

Organ of Corti Highly specialized epithelial structure located on the basilar membrane of the cochlea, which contains the hair cells responsible for transforming the mechanical energy of pressure waves into nervous impulses.

Also: spiral organ · auditory Corti receptor · hearing mechanoreceptor transducer

Bilateral oscillopsia Unstable visual illusion in which objects in the environment appear to oscillate, jump, or move continuously during head movements, caused by bilateral loss of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. It disables the patient from reading or recognizing faces while walking or performing physical activities.

Also: unstable vision · visual jump of the environment · loss of the bilateral vestibulo-ocular reflex

Osteoma of the frontal sinus Slow-growing benign tumor made up of compact mature bone tissue that is frequently located inside the frontal sinus, and can cause secondary rhinosinusitis due to mechanical obstruction of the frontal recess.

Also: frontal osteoma · benign bone tumor of the frontal sinus · frontal cavity osteoma

Transient otoacoustic emissions Very low intensity sound responses generated by the active contraction of the outer hair cells of the cochlea when faced with a brief acoustic stimulus. They are widely used in neonatal hearing screening programs due to their objective, rapid and non-invasive nature.

Also: Transitional OAS · TEOAE · click-evoked otoacoustic emissions

Fenestral otosclerosis Metabolic bone disease that selectively affects the otic capsule, characterized by resorption and abnormal bone deposit that fixes the plate of the stapes in the oval window. Clinically, it manifests as a progressively transmitted hearing loss with preservation of tympanic compliance in the initial stages.

Also: fixing the footboard plate · otic osteosclerosis · stapedial otosclerosis

Otohematoma of the auricle Accumulation of blood in the virtual space between the auricular cartilage and the perichondrium, usually secondary to direct shear trauma. It requires urgent surgical drainage and compressive dressing to avoid cartilage necrosis and the consequent aesthetic deformity.

Also: subperichondrical hematoma · ear in cauliflower · post-traumatic auricular hematoma

Vestibular otolith Small crystalline structure of calcium carbonate that rests on the gelatin membrane of the macules of the utricle and saccule in the vestibule of the inner ear. Its function is to respond to the forces of gravity and linear acceleration to maintain the static balance of the individual.

Also: statoconia · otoconia · vestibular calcium carbonate crystal

Septal exophytic papilloma Benign epithelial neoplasm originating in the anterior nasal septum, with a warty or cauliflower appearance, characterized by a pattern of growth towards the outside of the mucosa and which presents a low tendency towards malignant transformation.

Also: anterior septal papilloma · nasal squamous papilloma · nasal septum wart

Nasosinusal inverted papilloma Benign but locally aggressive neoplasm that originates in the sinus mucosa, characterized by the growth of the epithelium towards the underlying stroma in an invaginated manner. It has a high tendency towards postoperative recurrence.

Also: nasal transitional cell papilloma · inverted Schneiderian papilloma · nasal inverted epithelial tumor

Recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis Infection of the laryngeal respiratory epithelium caused by human papillomavirus, mainly genotypes six and eleven, which produces multiple exophytic warty lesions on the vocal cords. It has a high tendency to recurrence.

Also: recurrent respiratory papillomatosis · Laryngeal PRR · viral laryngeal verrugosis

Bell's facial palsy Peripheral facial paralysis, of acute and idiopathic onset, characterized by unilateral weakness of the entire facial mimicry muscles, usually associated with the reactivation of the herpes simplex virus.

Also: facial paralysis to refrigerator · Bell's palsy of the face

Otogenic facial paralysis Loss of motor function of the muscles of the face of an ipsilateral nature due to the involvement of the facial nerve in its intratemporal course, secondary to an acute infection of the middle ear or the erosion of a cholesteatoma.

Also: postotytic facial paralysis · facial involvement due to otitis · facial paralysis of otic origin

Postviral parosmia Olfactory distortion characterized by the altered and generally unpleasant perception of everyday odors in response to a real stimulus, which occurs after a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that damages the receptor neurons.

Also: postviral olfactory distortion · parosmia of viral origin · altered olfactory perception after flu

Superficial parotidectomy Surgical intervention that consists of the removal of the superficial lobe of the parotid gland, delimited by the plane of the facial nerve, requiring the dissection and preservation of all the branches of this cranial nerve.

Also: suprafacial parotidectomy · superficial parotid lobectomy · superficial parotid resection

Recurrent childhood mumps Recurrent non-suppurative inflammatory process that unilaterally or bilaterally affects the parotid glands in children, characterized by episodes of self-limited painful swelling accompanied by fever.

Also: recurrent parotitis of childhood · juvenile chronic mumps · benign recurrent parotid inflammation

Septal perforation Abnormal communication between both nostrils due to a loss of cartilaginous or bone substance and the mucosa that covers it in the nasal septum. Its causes include trauma or irritating chemical processes.

Also: perforation of the nasal septum · septal window · nasal intersaline communication

Chemical septal perforation Loss of substance and destruction of the quadrangular cartilage and the bilateral mucous layers of the nasal septum, secondary to chronic use of inhaled vasoconstrictive substances, exposure to industrial fumes or cocaine.

Also: septal perforation due to cocaine · chemical septal window · mucosal perforation by inhalants

Kiesselbach Plexus Anastomotic network of small blood vessels located in the anteroinferior portion of the nasal septum, where branches of the internal and external carotid arteries converge. It is the source of most anterior nosebleeds due to exposure.

Also: Kiesselbach area · Little area · anterior septal vascular plexus

Woodruff's Plexus Anastomosis of large-caliber arterial vessels located in the posterior portion of the nasal fossa, below the inferior turbinate, which gives rise to posterior nasal bleeding that is difficult to control. It requires specific tamponades due to the risk of hemodynamic compromise.

Also: posterior nasal vascular plexus · Woodruff's posterior bleeding area · posterior sphenopalatine vessels

Vocal cord polyp Unilateral benign exophytic lesion, with a sessile or pedunculated appearance and myxoid or vascular content, which develops on the free edge of a vocal cord after acute phonation trauma. It causes a persistent alteration of vocal timbre.

Also: laryngeal polyp · unilateral vocal polyp · cordal sessile mass

Bleeding septum polyp Benign, lobulated and friable vascular lesion that is frequently located in the mucosa of the anterior nasal septum, constituted by a capillary proliferation prone to recurrent large volume bleeding upon minimal friction.

Also: anterior septal hemangioma · pyogenic granuloma of the septum · Kiesselbach vascular polyp

Diagnostic polysomnography Comprehensive sleep study that records neurophysiological, respiratory, cardiac and muscular variables during the night to classify the type and severity of breathing disorders during rest.

Also: PSG night · polysomnographic study · full night polysomnography

Computerized dynamic posturography Quantitative clinical test that evaluates the postural control and balance of an individual using a computer-assisted mobile platform, analyzing the integration of the visual, proprioceptive and vestibular systems. Helps plan physical rehabilitation programs.

Also: Vestibular PDC · computerized dynamic balance evaluation · platform posturography

Strial presbycusis Specific type of hearing loss due to aging caused by the degeneration and atrophy of the vascular stria of the cochlea, which is responsible for maintaining the composition of the endolymph.

Also: metabolic presbycusis · atrophy of the stria vascularis · metabolic hearing loss in the elderly

Physiological presbycusis Progressive, bilateral and symmetrical hearing loss associated with the biological process of aging that mainly affects high-pitched frequencies. It occurs gradually due to the degeneration of the sensory hair cells of the organ of Corti and the nerve fibers of the spiral ganglion in the cochlea.

Also: deafness of the elderly · senile hearing loss · physiological auditory aging

Presbylarynx Atrophic and degenerative changes in the structures of the larynx associated with the natural aging process, which include volume loss of the thyroarytenoid muscle and cartilage calcification. Causes a weak and puffy voice.

Also: senile larynx · senile voice · physiological vocal atrophy

Vestibular caloric test Exploration of the vestibular function that consists of irrigating the external auditory canal with water or air at cold and hot temperatures to induce an endolymphatic convection current in the horizontal semicircular canal. It allows you to independently evaluate the response of each maze.

Also: caloric stimulation · Fitzgerald-Hallpike caloric test · vestibular thermal test

Babinski-Weil test Clinical examination of dynamic balance that consists of making the patient walk forward and backward alternately with eyes closed in a clear space. The star gait pattern is characteristic of patients with asymmetric peripheral vestibular pathology.

Also: star march · Babinski-Weil test · blind walking test

Fukuda-Unterberger test Dynamic balance assessment test that consists of having the patient walk without advancing in the same place with eyes closed and arms extended for fifty or one hundred steps. An angular deviation of the body greater than thirty degrees typically indicates hypofunction of the labyrinth on the side towards which it deviates.

Also: Fukuda test · static walking test · assessment of dynamic vestibular deviation

Rinne Test Qualitative auditory examination performed with a five hundred twelve hertz tuning fork that compares the duration of the perception of a tone through the air versus the perception through bone conduction over the mastoid. A positive result indicates normal or sensitive hearing, while a negative result reveals a conductive condition.

Also: Rinne test · air-bone tuning fork test · Positive or negative rinne

Sensitized Romberg test Variant of the Romberg test used to detect subtle deficits in balance and proprioception, in which the patient is placed with their feet in tandem and with their eyes closed. It more demandingly evaluates the postural control of the trunk and extremities in the face of visual suppression.

Also: Romberg in tandem · High sensitivity Romberg · tandem static balance test

Weber test Audiological test with a tuning fork that consists of placing the vibrating base of the instrument in the midline of the patient's skull to evaluate the lateralization of sound. The tone is lateralized towards the ear with loss of transmission or towards the healthy ear in case of unilateral sensorineural affection.

Also: Weber test · lateralization test with tuning fork · Clinical Weber

Gill cleft cyst Soft congenital cyst that is usually located in the lateral portion of the neck, in front of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, caused by incomplete obliteration of the branchial apparatus during embryonic development.

Also: lateral branchiogenic cyst · anomaly of the second branchial arch · cervical branchial cyst

Thyroglossal duct cyst Congenital anomaly of the neck of a benign nature that is produced by the persistence and accumulation of mucous secretion in an epithelial tract remaining from the embryonic descent of the thyroid gland from the base of the tongue.

Also: midline thyroglossal cyst · thyroglossal tract cyst · congenital thyroglossal remnant

Intracordal cyst Benign closed epithelial cavity filled with mucus or keratin located inside Reinke's space of a vocal cord, which alters the vibratory pattern of the mucosa. It can be of congenital origin or acquired due to glandular obstruction.

Also: vocal cord retention cyst · chordal epidermoid cyst · mucous laryngeal cyst

Sublingual ranula Mucous retention cyst that originates from the extravasation of saliva from the duct system of the sublingual gland, located on the floor of the mouth as a translucent bluish mass.

Also: retention cyst of the floor of the mouth · sublingual mucosal ranula · sublingual salivary cyst

Sphenoethmoidal recess Narrow space of the most posterior and inferior portion of the nasal fossa, located above the superior turbinate and in front of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus, where the physiological drainage ostium of said sinus is located.

Also: posterior nasal attic · sphenoidal recess · sphenoid drainage pathway

Pharyngeal reconstruction Surgical procedure that restores the continuity of the upper digestive transit after large pharyngolaryngeal excisions, using microvascularized free tissue flaps or visceral transposition.

Also: reconstructive pharyngoplasty · hypopharynx reconstruction · repair of pharyngoesophageal transit

Pharyngeal reconstruction with anterolateral thigh flap Reconstructive microsurgery procedure consisting of the transfer of fasciocutaneous tissue from the thigh, anastomosing its arterial and venous vessels in the neck, to repair circular pharyngoesophageal defects after oncological excisions.

Also: ALT free flap for pharynx · reconstructive anterolateral thigh flap · hypopharynx reconstruction with ALT

Ipsilateral stapedial reflex Involuntary contraction of the stapes muscle in response to a high intensity sound stimulus presented to the same ear being evaluated. This response protects the inner ear from acoustic trauma and helps to map injuries to the auditory pathway and facial nerve.

Also: ipsilateral acoustic reflex · contraction of the stapedius muscle · ipsilateral stapes reflex

Trigemino-facial reflex Bilateral blink response triggered by stimulation of the trigeminal nerve, which objectively evaluates the integrity of the trigeminal afferent and facial efferent pathways.

Also: blink reflex · clinical blink reflex · trigemino-facial reflex of mimicry

Viscolic-colic reflex Response of vestibular origin that acts selectively on the cervical muscles to actively stabilize the position of the head in space during body movements.

Also: RVC · postural reflex of the neck of vestibular origin · vestibulo-nuchal reflex

Visco-spinal reflex Reflex mechanism of the vestibular system that tonically influences the muscles of the trunk and lower extremities, adapting muscle tone to maintain posture and stability.

Also: RVE · vestibulospinal balance reflex · vestibulospinal pathway of postural control

Pharyngolaryngeal reflux Retrograde flow of gastric contents, including acid and pepsin, into the pharynx and larynx, causing inflammation of the supraglottic mucosa. It causes frequent throat clearing, chronic cough, foreign body sensation and voice alteration.

Also: RFL · extraesophageal reflux · acid reflux laryngitis

Seasonal allergic rhinitis Inflammatory process of the mucosa of the nasal passages after exposure to specific environmental allergens, such as pollen, recurrent at certain times of the year. It causes sneezing, nasal itching, obstruction and watery discharge.

Also: there is fever · pollen rhinitis · intermittent allergic rhinitis

Rhinitis in the elderly Dysfunction of nasal mucosal secretion in elderly patients, characterized by persistent and clear watery rhinorrhea produced by hyperactivity of parasympathetic tone and atrophy of nasal supporting tissues.

Also: senile rhinitis · watery dripping from the old man · watery senile rhinorrhea

Gustatory rhinitis Sudden episode of clear, watery nasal discharge triggered immediately by the ingestion of hot, spicy or highly seasoned foods, mediated by a trigemino-vascular autonomic reflex that stimulates glandular secretion.

Also: Gustatory nasal drip · rhinorrhea from spicy foods · Gustatory vasomotor rhinitis

Gestational hormonal rhinitis Benign diffuse nasal congestion that develops during pregnancy, typically in the second or third trimester, induced by the systemic increase in estrogen and progesterone levels, and which resolves spontaneously after childbirth.

Also: rhinitis of pregnancy · gestational nasal congestion · gravid vasomotor rhinitis

Exercise-induced rhinitis Hyperreactive response of the nasal mucosa that manifests itself with profuse watery rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction triggered during or immediately after strenuous physical activity, mediated by autonomic reflexes.

Also: exertional rhinitis · runny nose from exercise · exertional vasomotor rhinitis

Rinitis medicament Congestion and swelling of the nasal mucosa secondary to prolonged and inappropriate use of over-the-counter topical vasoconstrictors. It is generated by an effect of tachyphylaxis and rebound vasodilation that perpetuates nasal obstruction.

Also: rhinitis due to abuse of nasal drops · bounce congestion · chemical rhinitis due to decongestants

Vasomotor rhinitis Non-allergic and chronic nasal dysfunction characterized by hyperreactivity of the nasal mucosa mediated by a parasympathetic autonomic imbalance, triggered by changes in temperature or humidity. It manifests with nasal obstruction and intermittent watery discharge without pruritus.

Also: non-allergic, non-infectious rhinitis · autonomic rhinitis · vasoneurovegetative rhinitis

Hypertrophic rhinophyma Nasal deformity characterized by lobulated, hypertrophic and nodular growth of the sebaceous glands of the skin of the lower third of the nose, associated with the terminal phase of rosacea, which requires surgical remodeling or dermabrasion.

Also: rhinophyma · bulbous nose due to rosacea · nasal sebaceous hypertrophy

Rhinoliquorrhea Outflow of cerebrospinal fluid through the nasal passages, caused by a breach in the dura mater and a bone fistula at the base of the anterior or middle skull. It may have a traumatic, iatrogenic or spontaneous origin.

Also: nasal CSF fistula · dripping cerebrospinal fluid from the nose · nasal cerebrospinal fluid leak

Rhinolith Calcified mass of stony consistency that originates from the concentric deposit of calcium and magnesium salts around a foreign body of an inanimate nature chronically retained in the nasal fossa.

Also: nasal calculus · intranasal stone · nasal calcified mass

Functional rhinoplasty Surgical procedure focused on modifying the external bone and cartilaginous structure of the nasal pyramid to correct aesthetic defects or congenital and post-traumatic deformities, simultaneously improving ventilation through the nasal valves.

Also: nasal pyramid surgery · functional rhinoseptoplasty · functional nasal remodeling

Endolymphatic sac Sacciform membranous structure located in a fossa on the posterior surface of the petrous bone of the temporal bone, responsible for the passive and active reabsorption of endolymph.

Also: endolymphatic sac of the temporal bone · distal portion of the endolymphatic duct · buffering organ of the endolymph

Septoplasty Reconstructive surgical intervention aimed at correcting deviations or deformities of the cartilaginous and bony nasal septum in order to restore the permeability of the nasal passages and improve respiratory function. It is done preserving the structural support.

Also: reconstruction of the nasal septum · endoseptoplasty · nasal septum surgery

Acute bacterial sialadenitis Suppurative infection of a salivary gland, most frequently the parotid gland, caused by a state of salivary stasis or obstruction. Clinically, it presents unilateral painful swelling of the gland and discharge of purulent material through the duct.

Also: suppurative sialadenitis · acute bacterial mumps · suppurative salivary gland infection

Sialendoscopy Minimally invasive technique that allows direct exploration of the lumen of the main salivary ducts using ultra-thin microendoscopes, facilitating the diagnosis of stenosis or the guided extraction of stones.

Also: salivary endoscopy · interventional sialendoscopy · salivary duct endoscopy

Chronic actinic sialadenitis Progressive inflammation and atrophy of the salivary gland parenchyma induced by radiotherapy for head and neck tumors, characterized by glandular fibrosis and loss of salivary secretion capacity.

Also: radiation sialadenitis · histological radiogenic xerostomia · actinic salivary atrophy

Hypertrophic sialadenosis Non-inflammatory and non-neoplastic disorder that affects the parotid glands bilaterally and symmetrically, characterized by a painless increase in size associated with metabolic alterations, diabetes or alcoholism.

Also: bilateral parotid sialosis · salivary glandular dystrophy · metabolic sialosis

Parotid sialocele Circumscribed collection of saliva that accumulates in the soft tissues of the cheek after trauma or surgery on the parotid gland that damages the Stenon's duct or the parenchyma.

Also: sialocele of the parotid · post-traumatic saliva cyst · parotid salivary pseudocyst

Sialolithiasis Presence of stones or calcareous concretions of mineral salts in the parenchyma or excretory ducts of the major salivary glands, the submandibular gland being the most affected. It causes acute pain and swelling of the gland during ingestion.

Also: salivary stones · salivary lithiasis · salivary glandular obstruction

Stimulated sialometry Functional test that quantitatively evaluates the capacity for saliva secretion after the application of a chemical stimulus to the tongue, such as a citric acid solution, measuring the volume of saliva produced per minute.

Also: acid sialometry · salivary stimulation test · stimulated salivary flow measurement

Hennebert's sign Triggering of involuntary eye movements or dizziness of vestibular origin when applying positive or negative pressure to the external auditory canal through a pneumatic otoscope. It suggests the existence of perilymphatic fistulas or hypermobility of the stapes plate.

Also: vestibular pressor reflex · pressure-induced eye movements · Hennebert's pneumatic sign

Eagle syndrome Painful condition caused by abnormal elongation of the styloid process of the temporal bone or calcification of the stylohyoid ligament, which compresses the surrounding neurovascular structures. It produces persistent pharyngeal pain and tonsillar hypoesthesia.

Also: elongated styloid process syndrome · painful stylohyoid syndrome · estiloidalgia

Frey syndrome Late postoperative complication after a parotidectomy, produced by the aberrant regeneration of the parasympathetic fibers of the auriculotemporal nerve that join the local sweat glands, causing sweating and flushing when eating.

Also: auriculotemporal nerve syndrome · tasting sweating · Frey's gustatory erythema

Gradenigo syndrome Classic clinical picture of involvement of the skull base characterized by the triad of chronic discharge from the ear, paralysis of the abducens nerve with diplopia and pain in the territory of the trigeminal nerve. It occurs due to the extension of the infection towards the apex of the petrous bone.

Also: apical petrositis triad · petrous apex syndrome · Gradenigo-Lannois syndrome

Heerfordt syndrome Clinical manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis characterized by the presence of facial nerve paralysis, inflammation of the parotid gland, anterior uveitis and chronic fever.

Also: uveoparotid fever · sarcoid facial paralysis · sarcoid parotid-ocular syndrome

Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome Uncommon neuro-mucocutaneous disorder of unknown cause defined by the classic triad of recurrent peripheral facial paralysis, persistent orofacial edema and cleft tongue.

Also: Melkersson granulomatous cheilitis · facial paralysis with fissured tongue · recurrent lip edema syndrome

Minor syndrome Balance and hearing disorder caused by the absence of bone coverage in the roof of the superior semicircular canal, which creates a third mobile window. It causes autophony and dizziness induced by noise or pressure changes.

Also: superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome · SDCS · dehiscence of the roof of the upper canal

Ortner syndrome Paralysis of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve secondary to extrinsic compression exerted by dilated cardiovascular structures, such as an enlarged left atrium due to mitral stenosis.

Also: cardiovocal syndrome · left recurrent paralysis due to heart disease · hoarseness of cardiovascular origin

Tapia Syndrome Uncommon peripheral neuropathy characterized by unilateral paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and hypoglossal nerve, usually secondary to mechanical trauma during tracheal intubation.

Also: unilateral paralysis of the recurrent and hypoglossal nerves · unilateral laryngeal-lingual paralysis · postintubation Tapia syndrome

Posterior torn foramen syndrome Neurological condition characterized by unilateral ipsilateral paralysis of the glossopharyngeal, vagus and spinal accessory cranial nerves, secondary to tumor or traumatic lesions at the level of the jugular foramen.

Also: Vernet syndrome · unilateral palsy of cranial nerves IX, · involvement of the jugular foramen

Nasal synechiae Adhesion of fibrous scar tissue that is established between the mucosa of the nasal septum and that of the turbinates or the lateral nasal wall, usually secondary to nasal surgeries, packing or accidental trauma.

Also: nasal adhesion · postoperative nasal flange · septoturbinal synechiae

Verbal deafness Central auditory processing disorder characterized by the inability to understand spoken words linguistically, preserving the perception of pure tones and the hearing of non-verbal environmental sounds. It is due to lesions in the dominant superior temporal lobe.

Also: verbal auditory agnosia · pure deafness for words · auditory verbal agnosia

Vocal groove Invagination or longitudinal indentation of the mucosa along the free edge of the vocal cord that adheres firmly to the underlying vocal ligament, limiting or abolishing the vibrating mucosal wave. It causes a blown voice of great fatigue.

Also: sulcus vocalis · cordal cleft · atrophy of the vocal mucosa

Diagnostic tympanocentesis Microsurgical puncture of the tympanic membrane performed under direct visualization to aspirate and obtain samples of the liquid content accumulated in the middle ear. It is useful to identify resistant germs in immunocompromized patients or patients with poor therapeutic progress.

Also: sampling myringocentesis · needle puncture of the middle ear · tympanic diagnostic aspiration

Reconstructive tympanoplasty Surgical procedure aimed at eradicating the disease from the tympanic cavity and reconstructing the tympano-ossicular transmission mechanism. It includes structural repair of the tympanic membrane and restoration of continuity of the hearing ossicles.

Also: tympanic reconstruction · myringoplasty with ossiculoplasty · tympanic cleft repair

Tympanosclerosis Degenerative process characterized by hyalinization and subsequent calcification of the connective tissue of the tympanic membrane and the mucosa of the middle ear, often after repeated inflammatory episodes. Clinically, it is observed as chalky whitish plaques that can limit ossicular mobility.

Also: tympanic sclerosis · tympanic membrane calcification · middle ear hyalinosis

Posterior tympanotomy Surgical opening that connects the mastoid cavity with the middle ear through the facial recess, delimited by the facial nerve and the chorda tympani. It is an anatomical step of great importance for the insertion of cochlear implant electrodes.

Also: approach to the facial recess · posterior tympanotomy · mastoid pathway to the middle ear

Medialization thyroplasty Reconstructive surgery of the laryngeal skeleton that consists of introducing a silicone or polytetrafluoroethylene implant through a window in the thyroid cartilage to medially displace a paralyzed vocal cord.

Also: type I thyroplasty · chordal medialization surgery · Isshiki type I thyroplasty

Olfactory tract Bundle of white matter nerve fibers that connects the olfactory bulb with the olfactory cortical areas of the forebrain, running through the olfactory sulcus on the underside of the frontal lobe.

Also: olfactory band · central olfactory pathway · tract of the first cranial nerve

Cavernous sinus thrombosis of sinus origin Septic thrombosis of the lumen of the cavernous sinus resulting from retrograde venous dissemination of germs from an infection of the sphenoid or ethmoid sinuses, constituting a very serious complication.

Also: cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis · septic cavernous sinus thrombosis · cavernous involvement due to nasal infection

T ventilation tube Transtympanic ventilation device made of soft silicone provided with two long flexible wings that prevent spontaneous expulsion in the short term. It is used in cases of severe chronic tubal dysfunction that require prolonged aeration of the middle ear lasting several years.

Also: ventilation T-pipe · permanent tympanic drainage · long-lasting ventilation tube

Warthin's tumor Benign salivary gland neoplasm characterized by an oncocytic epithelial component with a papillary arrangement and a dense lymphoid stroma, located almost exclusively in the tail of the parotid of elderly men.

Also: papillary lymphatic cystadenoma · parotid adenolymphoma tumor · benign oncocytic tumor

Turbinoplasty Reconstructive surgery of the nasal turbinates, usually the lower ones, which seeks to reduce their hypertrophic volume while preserving the functional peripheral respiratory mucosa as much as possible. It uses lateral fracture, submucosal resection or radiofrequency techniques.

Also: turbinate surgery · reduction of inferior turbinates · submucosal turbinectomy

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty Surgical procedure used in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea that consists of the resection of the palatine tonsils, the free edge of the soft palate and the uvula to expand the diameter of the oropharynx.

Also: UPFP · Fujita uvulopalatoplasty · pharyngeal surgery for snoring

Radical cervical lymph node dissection Oncological surgical intervention that consists of the removal of all cervical lymph node levels of the neck, the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the internal jugular vein and the accessory nerve. It is performed for regional tumor control.

Also: classic radical cervical emptying · radical neck dissection · radical cervical lymphadenectomy

Clinical videonystagmography Optical recording system using infrared cameras that allows computer recording and analysis of involuntary eye movements in the fast and slow phase to diagnose pathologies of the peripheral and central vestibular system. Avoids artifacts by not requiring electrodes.

Also: Computerized VNG · infrared videonystagmography · recording of eye saccades by video

Otolaryngology

Other glossary specialties