Axial ametropia Refractive anomaly in which the focusing power of the eye is normal, but the anteroposterior length of the eyeball is of a different magnitude than usual.

Also: refractive error due to axial length · ametropia due to eye size

Curvature ametropia Focus defect due to the radius of curvature of the cornea or lens being excessively flat or curved in relation to the normal axial length of the eye.

Also: refractive error due to corneal curvature · dioptric curvature ametropia

Index ametropia Refractive error caused by an abnormal change in the refractive index of one of the transparent media of the eye, usually the lens in the elderly.

Also: refractive error due to refractive index · crystalline-sclerous ametropia

Sub-Tenon anesthesia Loco-regional ocular anesthesia technique that consists of injecting anesthetic solution through a blunt cannula into the anterior Tenon space.

Also: subtenonian lock · sub-Tenon periscleral infiltration

Diabetic retinal angiopathy Progressive degenerative and inflammatory vascular changes in retinal microcirculation induced by chronic hyperglycemia.

Also: diabetic retinal vasculopathy · non-proliferative and proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Subretinal angiopathy Growth of abnormal neovessels from the choroid that perforate Bruch's membrane and extend under the retinal pigment epithelium, causing exudation.

Also: macular choroidal neovascularization · active choroidal neovascular membrane

Iridocorneal angle Anatomical space located in the anterior chamber of the eye where the peripheral iris and the internal cornea converge, constituting the drainage area of the aqueous humor.

Also: anterior camera angle · iridiocorneal drainage angle

Kayser-Fleischer ring Greenish-brown annular copper deposit located on the periphery of the corneal Descemet's membrane, pathognomonic of Wilson's disease.

Also: corneal copper deposit · copper sclerocorneal ring · corneal copper deposit · peripheral green ring of the cornea

Soemmering Ring Annular deposit of cortical fibers and remaining epithelial cells of the lens retained in the periphery of the capsular bag after extracapsular extraction surgery.

Also: Soemmering's cortical ring · peripheral capsular regeneration

Soemmering lens ring Circular deposit of fibers and residual epithelial cells of the lens that are trapped in the periphery of the capsular bag after an extraction.

Also: Soemmering annular capsular regeneration · Soemmering peripheral cortical pearls

Weiss Ring Witish annular opacity in the posterior vitreous that represents the insertion site of the vitreous around the optic disc after its separation.

Also: papillary vitreous detachment · Weiss hyaloid ring

Intracorneal rings Semicircular segments of biocompatible plastic material that are implanted in the peripheral corneal stroma to regularize and flatten corneas with keratoconus.

Also: intrastromal ring segments · keratoconus stromal implants

Congenital aniridia Severe hereditary bilateral disorder characterized by the almost total absence of the iris, frequently associated with secondary glaucoma, keratopathy and low visual acuity.

Also: hereditary absence of the iris · panocular malformation of aniridia

Ankyloblepharon Partial or total fusion or adhesion of the free edges of the upper and lower eyelids along the palpebral fissure.

Also: fusion of the eyelids · interpalpebral adhesion

Levator aponeurosis Fan tendon structure that connects the levator palpebrae superioris muscle with the superior tarsus and the skin of the anterior eyelid.

Also: tendon of the levator palpebralis · upper eyelid aponeurosis

Superior levator aponeurosis Flat tendon of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle that inserts into the anterior tarsus and into the cutaneous thickness of the eyelid, creating the palpebral sulcus.

Also: levator palpebra tendon

Previous ciliary artery Arterial branches derived from the arteries of the rectus muscles that pierce the anterior sclera to join the greater arterial circle.

Also: anterior ciliary arterial vessel · anterior ciliary artery of the sclera

Short posterior ciliary artery Group of arterioles that pierce the sclera around the optic nerve to supply the posterior choroid and the head of the optic nerve.

Also: short posterior ciliary artery · vessel of the posterior choriocapillaris

Long posterior ciliary artery Pair of arterial vessels that cross the posterior sclera and run through the suprachoroidal space to supply the ciliary body.

Also: posterior long ciliary artery · long uveal arterial vessel

Ophthalmic artery Branch of the internal carotid artery that enters the orbit through the optic canal to supply the eyeball.

Also: primary orbital artery · orbital arterial branch of the carotid

Optic disc atrophy Loss of optic nerve axons clinically characterized by sectoral or global papillary pallor and decreased visual field.

Also: papillary pallor · atrophy of the optic nerve fibers

Essential iris atrophy Unilateral progressive disorder characterized by severe atrophy of the iris stroma, corectopia, formation of accessory pupillary orifices and angle closure glaucoma.

Also: progressive iris atrophy · essential iris syndrome

Essential atrophy of the iris Disorder characterized by loss of iris stroma, formation of holes in the iris, corectopia and angle closure glaucoma.

Also: iris atrophy of iridocorneal syndrome

Primary optic atrophy Loss of optic nerve fibers without previous inflammation or papillary edema, characterized by a pale optic disc with sharp, flat edges.

Also: primary papillary pallor · descending degeneration of the optic nerve

Secondary optic atrophy Destruction of optic nerve fibers preceded by prolonged papilledema or inflammation, showing a pale disc with blurred edges and glial tissue.

Also: secondary papillary pallor · post-edema papillary atrophy

Vitreous base Anatomical region of maximum adhesion between the vitreous humor and the underlying structures of the ora serrata and the pars plana of the ciliary body.

Also: anterior vitreous insertion · vitreous-retinal base

Ecular ultrasound biometry Calculation of the internal dimensions of the eye, including the axial length and depth of the anterior and posterior chambers, for lens estimation.

Also: ultrasound of ocular dimensions · type A ocular biometry

Ultrasonic ocular biometry Measurement of the axial length and dimensions of the eye chambers using ultrasound in mode A to calculate lenses.

Also: mode A biometric ultrasound · ocular biometry by ultrasound

Blepharoptosis Abnormal drooping of the upper eyelid that may be due to dysfunction of the levator muscle, aponeurotic weakness or paralysis of the third cranial nerve, limiting the visual axis.

Also: drooping upper eyelid · ptosis of the eyelid

Computerized campimetry Computerized functional visual test that maps the sensitivity of different points of the patient's retina by recording their ability to perceive controlled light stimuli.

Also: standardized automated perimetry · quantitative evaluation of the visual field

Schlemm Canal Circular duct similar to a lymphatic vessel located in the sclerocorneal limbus that collects the filtered aqueous humor and redirects it to the episcleral veins.

Also: Schlemm's ductus venosus · venous sinus of the sclera

Petit's retrozonular canal Virtual space located in the posterior segment of the eye that surrounds the lens behind the zonular suspensory apparatus of Zinn.

Also: posterior Petit canal · retrozonular supraciliary fossa

Canaliculitis Chronic and localized infection of the lacrimal canaliculi, frequently caused by Actinomyces, characterized by purulent secretion and yellowish concretions.

Also: tear canalicular infection · dacryocanaliculitis

Dua Cloak Recently discovered thin, highly resistant acellular corneal layer that is located between the deep corneal stroma and Descemet's membrane.

Also: pre-Descemet corneal layer · acellular sheet of Dua

Retinal nerve fiber layer Layer composed exclusively of the axons of the retinal ganglion cells that extend in a parallel path towards the optic disc.

Also: CFNR · axonal layer of the inner retina

Outer nuclear layer Retinal layer composed exclusively of the nuclei of the rod and cone photoreceptor cells located in the external portion.

Also: layer of photoreceptor nuclei · nuclear layer of cones and rods

Inner nuclear layer Layer of the retina that contains the cell nuclei of the bipolar, horizontal, and amacrine cells and the cell bodies of the supporting Müller cells.

Also: layer of retinal association nuclei · middle nuclear cell layer

Outer plexiform layer Retinal layer where synaptic contacts are established between the processes of the photoreceptors and the processes of the bipolar and horizontal cells.

Also: outer synaptic layer of the retina · external retinal plexus

Inner plexiform layer Layer of the neurosensory retina where synaptic connections are made between the axons of bipolar cells, the processes of amacrine cells and the dendrites of ganglion cells.

Also: inner synaptic layer of the retina · internal retinal plexus

Lacrimal caruncle Small pinkish glandular eminence located in the inner corner of the eye that contains sebaceous and sweat glands and rudimentary hair follicles.

Also: canthal lacrimal caruncle · internal angle gland

Ultrasound cavitation Physical phenomenon used in eye surgery through which the ultrasound tip generates vacuum microbubbles that fragment the nuclear firmness of the lens.

Also: intraocular ultrasonic cavitation · emulsification of the crystal nucleus

Ultrasonic cavitation Formation and collapse of vacuum microbubbles generated by the ultrasound tip that break up the lens fragments.

Also: ultrasound cavitation in cataract · cavitation fragmentation

Dwarf ganglion cell Small retinal ganglion cell subtype that is predominantly located in the macula and processes visual information with high spatial resolution.

Also: parvocellular ganglion cell · midget macular ganglion neuron

Orbital cellulitis Severe bacterial infection of the soft tissues located behind the orbital septum that produces proptosis, painful ophthalmoplegia and decreased vision.

Also: deep orbital infection · orbital postseptal inflammation

Preseptal cellulitis Infectious and inflammatory process of the subcutaneous soft tissues of the eyelid located in front of the orbital septum that does not affect eye movements or vision.

Also: anterior eyelid infection · superficial periorbital cellulitis · eyelid cellulitis · anterior orbital cellulitis · preseptal inflammation of the eyelid

Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis Chronic unilateral anterior uveitis of benign evolution characterized by iris atrophy, heterochromia, diffuse stellate keratic precipitates and development of cataracts.

Also: Fuchs iridian heterochromia · uveitic Fuchs syndrome

Cyclodeviation Rotational and involuntary ocular deviation in which the eyeball rotates on its anteroposterior axis, preventing the fusion of images.

Also: torsional strabismus · pathological cyclophoria

Cyclodialysis Traumatic or surgical disinsertion of the ciliary body from the sclera that creates a direct communication path between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal space.

Also: suprachoroidal separation of the ciliary body · cyclodialysis cleft

Transscleral cyclophotocoagulation Photothermal destruction of ciliary processes through the external application of transscleral diode laser in order to reduce the production of aqueous humor in refractory eyes.

Also: laser ablation of ciliary processes · laser cyclodestruction

Optical tape Bundle of nerve fibers that extends from the optic chiasm to the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus, transmitting information from the contralateral and ipsilateral retina.

Also: optic tract · postchiasmatic optic pathway

Greater arterial circle of the iris Circular anastomotic arterial network located at the root of the iris and the ciliary body that irrigates the iris and ciliary processes.

Also: greater arterial ring of the iris · greater iridiociliary circle

Lesser arterial circle of the iris Delicate vascular network located in the collar of the iris that supplies the pupillary sphincter and the anterior iris stroma.

Also: minor arterial ring of the iris · pupillary vascular circle

Iris coloboma Congenital defect in the form of a cleft or drop that affects the iris, generally in its lower sector, due to incomplete closure of the embryonic optic fissure.

Also: congenital iris cleft · anterior iridian coloboma

Concomitance Condition in which the angle of strabismic deviation remains constant in all directions of gaze, typical of non-paralytic childhood strabismus.

Also: concomitant strabismus · constant eye deviation

Cloquet conduit Tubular structure that crosses the vitreous humor from the posterior surface of the lens to the papilla, remnant of the course of the fetal hyaloid artery.

Also: hyaloid canal · central vitreous duct

Follicular conjunctivitis Inflammatory response characterized by translucent lymphoid avascular elevations in the fornix, usually associated with viral infections or chlamydiasis.

Also: conjunctival follicular hyperplasia · follicle conjunctivitis

Papillary conjunctivitis Inflammatory conjunctival reaction characterized by hyperplastic vascular projections with a central vessel, typical of allergies or contact lens use.

Also: giant papillae conjunctivitis · conjunctival papillary hypertrophy

Fusional convergence Ability of the oculomotor system to direct both eyeballs inward to maintain alignment on a nearby object.

Also: fusion motor convergence · accommodation of binocular convergence

Corectopia Pathological displacement or abnormal and decentred position of the pupil with respect to its usual central location in the iris.

Also: decentered pupil · pupillary ectopia

Toxoplasma chorioretinitis Active necrotizing infection of the retina and choroid caused by Toxoplasma gondii that leaves permanent atrophic pigmented scars after resolution.

Also: toxoplasmic retinitis · choroiditis due to toxoplasmosis

Central serous chorioretinopathy Idiopathic accumulation of serous fluid under the neurosensory retina in the macula associated with focal hyperpermeability of the choriocapillaris and dysfunction of the pigment epithelium.

Also: central macular serous detachment · central serous choroidopathy

Serpiginous choroiditis Chronic, recurrent and bilateral inflammatory disease that progressively destroys the choriocapillaris and the retinal pigment epithelium with a geographical pattern.

Also: geographic helical choroidopathy · serpiginous destructive choroiditis

Geographic choroidopathy Progressive inflammatory disease of idiopathic etiology that asymmetrically damages the choriocapillaris and the retinal pigment epithelium with a geographical pattern.

Also: geographic serpiginous choroiditis · destructive serpiginous choroidopathy

Primary visual cortex Area of the occipital lobe of the brain responsible for receiving and processing signals from the visual pathways from the eyeball to form three-dimensional images.

Also: Brodmann area seventeen · cerebral striate cortex

Corneal crosslinking Treatment that uses ultraviolet A light and topical riboflavin to induce the formation of covalent bonds between collagen fibers, increasing stromal rigidity.

Also: corneal collagen cross-linking · corneal UV hardening

Quadrantanopia Campimetric defect that affects a quarter of the visual field of both eyes, caused by lesions in the parietal or temporal optic radiations.

Also: visual loss of one quadrant · campimetric quadrantopia

Dacryoadenitis Inflammation or infection of the main lacrimal gland that produces pain, swelling in the upper eyelid with a characteristic S-curve shape and altered tear secretion.

Also: inflammation of the tear gland · acute and chronic dacryoadenitis

Sac dacryocystectomy Removal of the lacrimal sac indicated in cases of chronic dacryocystitis in which a dacryocystorhinostomy is not possible.

Also: lacrimal sac removal · lacrimal sac ablation

Lacrimal dacryocystectomy Complete surgical removal of the lacrimal sac indicated in cases of tumors, recurrent dacryocystitis or contraindication to dacryocystorhinostomy.

Also: surgical removal of lacrimal sac · tear sac resection

Acute dacryocystitis Painful bacterial infection with localized swelling in the lacrimal sac due to tear stasis secondary to an obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct.

Also: acute lacrimal sac infection · purulent inflammation of the lacrimal duct

Dacryocystorhinostomy Surgical intervention that creates a new low-resistance passageway between the lacrimal sac and the middle nasal meatus to treat chronic lacrimal obstruction.

Also: surgical tear diversion · nasolacrimal bypass

Dacryolithiasis Formation of stones or solid concretions composed of proteins and calcium inside the ducts or lacrimal sac, causing obstruction.

Also: tear duct calculations · dacryolite

Lacrimal dacryolithiasis Presence of calcified deposits in the tear drainage system that cause epiphora and recurrent infections.

Also: canaliculus dacryoliths · tear duct stones

Tear duct dacryolite Solid concretion located inside the tear ducts that interrupts the normal flow of tears towards the nose.

Also: canalicular dacryolithiasis · calculation of the lacrimal sac

Pellucid marginal degeneration Ectatic disorder of the inferior cornea characterized by a narrow band of peripheral stromal thinning that causes severe anti-period astigmatism.

Also: pellucid inferior corneal ectasia · peripheral inferior corneal thinning

Corneal endothelial deposit Accumulation of debris or pigment on the posterior surface of the cornea visible by slit lamp examination.

Also: keratic endothelial precipitates · posterior endothelial deposits

Eyelid distichiasis Anomaly characterized by the development of an accessory row of eyelashes that emerge from the orifices of the meibomian glands directed towards the ocular surface.

Also: accessory aberrant eyelashes · palpebral double row of eyelashes

Granular corneal dystrophy Bilateral hereditary corneal disorder characterized by the progressive deposition of hyaline material in the form of small granules in the anterior stroma of the cornea.

Also: granular stromal dystrophy · hereditary granular corneal opacity

Corneal macular dystrophy Severe autosomal recessive stromal disorder characterized by diffuse opacification of the cornea due to abnormal deposition of glycosaminoglycans.

Also: corneal macular stromal opacity · macular type corneal dystrophy

Corneal reticular dystrophy Stromal dystrophy characterized by the deposition of amyloid filaments that form a translucent network or lattice pattern in the corneal stromal thickness.

Also: corneal amyloid dystrophy · corneal lattice dystrophy

Fusional divergence Ability of the ocular motor system to coordinately direct both eyeballs outward to realign the gaze on distant objects.

Also: binocular fusion divergence · endotropy compensation

Optic nerve drusen Calcified deposits located in the prelaminar portion of the optic disc that can raise its edges and be confused with papilledema.

Also: papillary drusen · calcification of the prelaminar optic disc

Drusen of the papilla Acellular calcified deposits located inside the anterior optic nerve that can simulate papillary edema by raising the margins of the disc.

Also: optic nerve drusen · pseudopapilledema due to drusen

Eye duction Active and coordinated monocular movement of the eyeball with respect to the axes of rotation of the orbit.

Also: monocular rotation · eye induction

Passive duction Diagnostic test performed under topical anesthesia that consists of mechanically mobilizing the eyeball with forceps to differentiate muscle paralysis from restriction.

Also: forced duction test · motion eye clamp test

Senile ectropion Eversion or outward turning of the free edge of the lower eyelid associated with senile tissue laxity that causes epiphora and conjunctival keratinization.

Also: everted lower eyelid by age · senile eyelid laxity

Corneal endothelium Monolayer of hexagonal cells arranged on the posterior surface of the cornea responsible for actively regulating dehydration and transparency of the tissue through metabolic transport pumps.

Also: corneal endothelial monolayer · posterior endothelial cells of the cornea

Best's disease Vitelliform macular dystrophy characterized by the presence of a rounded yellowish subretinal lesion similar in appearance to an egg yolk in the central area.

Also: Best's macular vitelliform dystrophy · choroidal vitelliform degeneration

Best vitelliform disease Macular dystrophy characterized by the presence of a large accumulation of subretinal lipofuscin that mimics the appearance of an egg yolk in the central fovea.

Also: Best's vitelliform macular dystrophy · vitelliform foveal degeneration

Stargardt disease Autosomal recessive hereditary macular dystrophy characterized by progressive loss of central vision associated with lipofuscin deposition in the pigment epithelium.

Also: Stargardt juvenile macular dystrophy · flavimaculate background

Macular Stargardt disease Autosomal recessive hereditary macular dystrophy characterized by loss of central visual acuity associated with lipofuscin deposits with a fishtail pattern.

Also: flavimaculate retinal fundus

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease Autoimmune multisystem disorder characterized by bilateral diffuse granulomatous uveitis associated with aseptic meningitis, dysacusis, vitiligo and poliosis.

Also: Harada syndrome · panuveitis with meningeal involvement

Blue Field Entopsy Phenomenon in which small bright dots are perceived that move through the visual field when looking at a bright blue screen.

Also: Scheerer entoptic phenomenon · visualization of capillary leukocytes

Scarring entropion Permanent inversion of the free margin of the eyelid towards the cornea caused by contraction and scarring of the posterior palpebral conjunctiva.

Also: inverted eyelid due to subsequent scarring · contractured entropion

Corneal epithelium Outermost layer of the cornea composed of stratified non-keratinized epithelial cells that act as a physical defensive barrier against external pathogens.

Also: anterior epithelium of the cornea · corneal anterior epithelial layer

Acute multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy Inflammatory disorder of the choroid and pigment epithelium that produces multiple transient white-yellowish placoid lesions in the posterior pole of young adults.

Also: APMPPE choroidal · cream-colored plaque epitheliopathy

Placoid epitheliopathy Inflammatory disorder of the choroid and pigment epithelium that produces multiple cream-colored placoid lesions in the posterior pole of young adults.

Also: light tone plaque epitheliopathy

Multifocal placoid epitheliopathy Autoimmune disorder that produces transient white-yellowish placoid lesions in the retinal pigment epithelium of young adults, with spontaneous resolution.

Also: APMPPE bilateral · transient choroidal plaque epitheliopathy

Deep sclerectomy Dissection of a flap of the deep sclera and the inner wall of Schlemm's canal to reduce intraocular pressure.

Also: non-perforating deep sclerectomy · non-penetrating surgery for glaucoma

Deep non-penetrating sclerectomy Surgical technique that consists of the dissection of a deep scleral flap and the extraction of the sclera and the internal wall of Schlemm.

Also: EPNP for glaucoma · non-penetrating scleral drainage

Nodular anterior scleritis Deep and painful inflammation of the anterior sclera that presents as one or more immobile and erythematous nodules under the conjunctiva, associated with vasculitis.

Also: anterior nodular scleritis · nodular inflammation of the sclera

Diffuse posterior scleritis Destructive inflammation of the scleral portion posterior to the equator that causes severe pain, limitation of movement, papilledema and detachment.

Also: posterior choroidal scleritis · deep retroocular inflammation of the sclera

Perforating scleromalacia Extreme non-inflammatory and destructive thinning of the sclera associated with severe rheumatoid arthritis that exposes the underlying uvea without triggering pain.

Also: aseptic scleral necrosis · necrotizing scleritis without inflammation

Absolute scotoma Localized visual field defect in which the retina is completely insensitive to any light stimulus, regardless of its intensity.

Also: absolute focal blindness · absolute blind spot of the field

Centrocecal scotoma Continuous campimetric defect that encompasses the central foveal vision area and the physiological blind spot of the papilla.

Also: combined macular and papillary scotoma · centrocecal visual defect

Bjerrum Scotoma Arcuated field defect characteristic of nerve fiber lesions that originates near the blind spot and extends around the center of vision.

Also: glaucomatous arcuate scotoma · arched field defect

Relative scotoma Area of the visual field with depressed sensitivity where only light stimuli of greater size or intensity than normal are perceived.

Also: localized depression of the visual field · relative field defect

Spherophakia Anomaly of the development of the lens characterized by an excessively spherical shape and a decreased diameter that causes severe lenticular myopia and predisposition to pupillary block.

Also: congenital spherical lens · microspherophakia

Berger Space Virtual space located immediately behind the lens and limited by the posterior surface of the lens and the anterior hyaloid membrane of the vitreous.

Also: Berger retrocrystalline space · anterior patellar fossa

Petit's Space Retrozonular anatomical space delimited by the posterior surface of Zinn's zonule and the anterior surface of the peripheral vitreous humor.

Also: Petit's channel · retrozonular supraciliary space

Tenon's Space Virtual space located between the sclera of the eyeball and Tenon's capsule that allows rotational displacement of the eye.

Also: subtenonian space · cavity of the sheath of the eyeball

Suprachoroidal space Virtual anatomical space located between the external surface of the choroid and the internal sclera, useful as a means of absorption of aqueous humor.

Also: pericoroidal space · suprachoroidal flow channel

Accommodation spasm Condition in which there is an involuntary and highly intense contraction of the ciliary muscle that simulates temporary artificial myopia.

Also: refractive ciliary spasm · pseudo-myopia due to accommodation

Scleral staphyloma Localized ectatic thinning of the scleral wall that protrudes outward and is usually covered by underlying bluish uveal tissue.

Also: staphyloma of the eyeball · ectasia of the sclera and uvea

Fly Stereotest Ophthalmic test based on vector or three-dimensional images that allows evaluating the degree of stereoscopic or depth visual acuity of the patient.

Also: three-dimensional fly test · fly stereopsis test

Sensory strabismus Abnormal deviation of the alignment of an eye secondary to the severe loss of its fixation capacity or visual acuity.

Also: strabismus due to low vision · strabic deprivation deviation

Macular star Radial deposition of hard lipid exudates in Henle's layer around the central fovea, characteristic of neuroretinitis and severe hypertensive nephropathy.

Also: macular lipid star · foveolar radial deposit

Corneal stroma Dense, highly organized collagen tissue that makes up approximately ninety percent of the total corneal thickness, responsible for the transparency and refractive stability of the eye.

Also: corneal stroma · transparent corneal parenchyma

Glaucomatous excavation Progressive increase in the diameter and depth of the papillary cup due to the collapse of the cribriform plate and the death of the axons of the optic nerve.

Also: pathological excavation of the optic disc · glaucomatous papillary damage

Papillary excavation Central depression of the optic disc that increases in size and depth as the axons of the retinal ganglion cells are lost due to ischemic or mechanical damage.

Also: excavation of the optic nerve papilla · papillary cup-disc relationship

Soft retinal exudate Whitish patch in the nerve fiber layer of the retina secondary to local ischemia due to infarction of precapillary arterioles.

Also: cottony retinal spot · microinfarction of retinal nerve fibers

Retinal lipid exudate Accumulation of lipoprotein complexes in the outer plexiform layer of the retina secondary to chronic loss of retinal capillary impermeability.

Also: hard retinal exudate · retinal fatty deposits

Soft exudates Microinfarcts of the retinal nerve fiber layer caused by the occlusion of precapillary arterioles that appear as whitish spots with diffuse edges.

Also: cotton wool stains · retinal cottony exudates

Hard exudates Accumulations of lipids and proteins located in the outer plexiform layer of the retina due to a chronic increase in vascular permeability.

Also: retinal lipid exudates · lipophilic retinal deposits

Phacodonesis Abnormal tremor or vibration of the lens during rapid eye movements, indicative of a weakness or partial tear of the zonular suspensory ligament.

Also: trembling crystalline · instability of the lens

Papillomacular fasciculus Group of highly specialized retinal nerve fibers that collect the sensitivity of the macula and travel directly to the temporal sector of the optic disc.

Also: papillomacular bundle · macular fibers of the optic nerve

Papillomacular fiber fasciculus Bundle of axons of retinal ganglion cells that travel from the macula to the optic disc, essential for central vision.

Also: papillomacular bundle of the retina · papillomacular axonal fibers

Optic papillomacular fasciculus Set of axons of the ganglion cells that travel from the central macula to the temporal sector of the optic nerve head.

Also: papillomacular axonal bundle · macular optic fibers

Blue field entoptic phenomenon Subjective perception of small bright points moving rapidly on a background of blue light, corresponding to the flow of leukocytes through the retinal capillaries.

Also: Scheerer phenomenon · entoptic retinal capillary visualization

Ciliozonular fibers A set of collagen fibers that firmly anchor the zonule of Zinn to the grooves and valleys of the ciliary processes of the ciliary body.

Also: ciliary zonular ligaments · anterior zonular anchorage

Myelinated retinal fibers Benign developmental anomaly characterized by patches of myelin that cover the axons of the retina anterior to the optic disc.

Also: retinal axonal myelination · myelin optic fibers

Nerve fibers with myelin Congenital anomaly in which myelin sheaths persist on the fibers of the optic nerve at the level of the retina, appearing as whitish patches.

Also: axonal myelination of the retina · benign retinal myelin fibers

Henle's nerve fibers Oblique and elongated layer of photoreceptors and axons that is arranged radially around the central fovea in the outer portion of the retina.

Also: Henle layer · foveolar Henle fibers

Myelinated nerve fibers Benign developmental anomaly characterized by the presence of whitish patches with frayed edges due to the persistence of myelin sheaths on retinal axons.

Also: ectopic retinal myelination · retinal myelin fibers

Blue light filter Optical property of some lenses that selectively blocks short-wavelength blue radiation in order to protect retinal cells from oxidative stress.

Also: blue spectrum blocking lens · high energy light protection

Physiology of ocular accommodation Series of changes that include the contraction of the ciliary muscle and the increase in the convexity of the lens to focus close up.

Also: accommodation of the lens · dynamic close focus

Physiology of accommodation Active mechanism by which the ciliary muscle contracts, releasing tension from the zonular fibers and allowing the lens to adopt a convex shape for close focusing.

Also: dynamics of ocular accommodation · muscular focusing process

Lid fissure Elliptical aperture delimited by the upper and lower eyelids whose horizontal and vertical width determines the exposure area of the ocular surface.

Also: palpebral fissure · opening between the eyelids

Conjunctival fornix Reflection zone of the conjunctival mucosa that joins the posterior palpebral conjunctiva with the anterior bulbar conjunctiva, allowing free movement of the eye.

Also: upper and lower conjunctival sac · fundus of eye sac

Patellar fossa of the vitreous humor Concave depression in the portion of the anterior hyaloid membrane where the posterior surface of the lens is accommodated.

Patellar fossa of the vitreous Concave depression on the anterior surface of the vitreous humor where the posterior surface of the lens sits.

Also: retrocrystalline cavity of the anterior vitreous

Orbit floor fracture Burst fracture of the thin inferior orbital wall, usually with entrapment of the inferior rectus muscle, producing vertical diplopia.

Also: orbital burst fracture · orbit blowout

Eye wave front Three-dimensional pattern that describes the deformation of light rays as they pass through the components of the eye, evaluated in optical aberrations.

Also: wavefront aberrations · analysis of three-dimensional refraction

Laser goniopuncture Nd:YAG laser creation of a microaperture in the previously thinned internal sclera during filtering surgery to resume aqueous flow.

Also: goniopuncture with YAG laser · post-surgical trabecular puncture

Indirect gonioscopy Diagnostic examination technique that uses special lenses with angled mirrors to examine the internal anatomy of the drainage angle for obstructions or synechiae.

Also: diagnostic evaluation of drainage angle · mirror gonioscopy

Goniotomy Gynecological or ophthalmological surgical procedure that consists of making a microscopic incision over the obstructed trabecular meshwork in children with congenital drainage anomalies.

Also: congenital trabecular incision · infantile goniotomy

Retinal papillomacular bundle Dense group of axons of retinal ganglion cells that connect the fovea with the optic disc, responsible for transmitting central vision.

Also: foveolar fibers of the optic nerve

Bitemporal hemianopia Loss of the lateral or temporal half of the visual field of both eyes, characteristic of lesions that compress the central optic chiasm.

Also: bitemporal field defect · chiasmatic crossed visual loss

Homonymous hemianopia Loss of the same half of the visual field in both eyes, whether right or left, indicative of a lesion posterior to the optic chiasm.

Also: retrochiasmatic homonymous visual defect · lateral homonymous hemianopia

Posterior vitreous hemorrhage Accumulation of blood specifically located in the space behind the base of the vitreous, limiting visual acuity.

Also: posterior hemovitreal · peripheral subhyaloid bleeding

Preretinal hemorrhage Blood collection located in the space between the neurosensory retina and the posterior surface of the vitreous humor that adopts a characteristic shape with a horizontal level due to gravity.

Also: retrohyaloid bleeding · subhyaloid hemorrhage

Retrohyaloid hemorrhage Accumulation of extravasated blood located in the space between the posterior surface of the vitreous and the internal limiting membrane of the retina.

Also: subhyaloid preretinal hemorrhagic · macular retrohyaloid bleeding

Vitreous hemorrhage Accumulation of extravasated blood inside the vitreous cavity from the rupture of normal blood vessels or abnormal retinal neovessels.

Also: hemovitreal · bleeding in the vitreous cavity

Asteroidal hyalosis Benign vitreous condition characterized by the suspension of multiple calcium phosphate microspheres that glow under direct illumination without seriously affecting vision.

Also: Benson's disease · calcium vitreous opacities

Ocular hypertension Clinical condition in which intraocular pressure is elevated above normal statistical limits without detectable signs of damage to the optic nerve.

Also: increase in intraocular pressure without damage · suspected glaucoma due to hypertension

Papillary conjunctival hypertrophy Conjunctival inflammatory reaction characterized by the presence of fibrovascular projections with a central vessel, typical of allergies.

Also: giant papillary conjunctivitis · conjunctival papillae

Aqueous humor Transparent liquid with low protein content that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyeball, providing metabolic support to the cornea and lens.

Also: intraocular aqueous fluid · anterior chamber fluid

Krukenberg Spindle Vertical deposition of melanin pigment on the posterior corneal endothelium that adopts an elliptical shape, characteristic of pigment dispersion syndrome.

Also: pigmented endothelial spindle · corneal endothelial pigment deposition

Corneal Krukenberg spindle Vertical deposition of spindle-shaped melanin granules on the posterior corneal endothelium, very characteristic of pigment dispersion syndrome.

Also: endothelial pigmented spindle · vertical corneal melanin deposit

Autokinetic illusion Perception of movement of a static and isolated point of light when observed fixedly in the dark.

Also: static light movement illusion · visual autokinetic phenomenon

Incomitancy Variation in the angle of strabismic deviation according to the direction of gaze, characteristic of strabismus of paralytic or restrictive origin.

Also: incomitant strabismus · variable eye deviation

Sterile corneal infiltrate Focal accumulation of inflammatory cells in the corneal stroma without the presence of active infection, usually associated with inappropriate use of contact lenses.

Also: non-infectious stromal infiltration · sterile immune keratitis

Sterile stromal infiltrate Accumulation of inflammatory cells in the corneal stroma without the presence of microorganisms, due to hypersensitivity.

Also: non-infectious immune keratitis · corneal hypersensitivity infiltrate

Convergence insufficiency Binocular vision disorder characterized by the inability to converge comfortably or by visual fatigue when performing prolonged near tasks.

Also: near convergence weakness · convergence asthenopia

Peribulbar injection Administration of anesthetics in the orbital space outside the muscular cone to achieve motor and sensory blockage of the eye with a lower risk of complications.

Also: regional periocular anesthesia · anterior orbital motor block

Perikeratic injection Congestive dilation of the deep perilimbic vessels that form a red crown around the cornea, indicative of keratitis or iridocyclitis.

Also: perilimbic ciliary injection · deep pericorneal congestion

Retrobulbar injection Introduction of anesthetics or drugs into the space located behind the eyeball, within the muscular cone, to achieve akinesia and deep surgical anesthesia.

Also: retrobulbar block · intraorbital anesthetic infiltration

Iridodialysis Traumatic separation of the root of the iris from its insertion in the ciliary body that produces an accessory pupil in the periphery of the anterior chamber.

Also: iris root tear · iridociliary disinsertion

Iridodonesis Tremulous vibration or oscillation of the iris when making sudden eye movements, a direct consequence of the lack of posterior support due to the loss or dislocation of the lens.

Also: trembling iris · iris instability

Iris on plateau Anomalous anatomical configuration characterized by an anterior insertion of the iris and forward-facing ciliary processes that push the peripheral iris against the trabeculum, predisposing to angular block.

Also: plateau iris configuration · plateau iris syndrome

Paralytic lagophthalmos Inability to completely occlude the palpebral fissure due to paralysis of the facial nerve that innervates the orbicularis oculi muscle, threatening corneal integrity.

Also: eye open due to facial paralysis · neurogenic corneal exposure

Fusca sheet Layer of the sclera composed of loose collagen fibers and melanocytes that adheres to the external surface of the choroid.

Also: scleral fusca plate · pigmented sclerochoroidal interface

Sclerocorneal limbus Anatomical transition zone between the transparent cornea and the opaque sclera that houses the epithelial stem cells responsible for the constant renewal of the corneal surface.

Also: corneoscleral junction · anterior corneal transition ring

Fleischer Line Ring of intraepithelial iron deposition surrounding the base of the ectatic cone in eyes with progressive keratoconus, visible using cobalt blue light.

Also: Fleischer's epithelial ring · keratoconus iron deposition

Hudson-Stahli Line Yellowish-brown iron deposit line that is located horizontally at the junction of the middle and lower thirds of the senile corneal epithelium.

Also: corneal epithelial iron line · corneal ferritin deposition

Macular cherry red spot Ophthalmic appearance of the bright red central macula that stands out on a very pale and ischemic retina, characteristic of occlusion of the central retinal artery.

Also: foveolar cherry red spot · sign of central retinal infarction

Meibomianitis Inflammation of the meibomian glands characterized by altered lipid secretion with a thick appearance and obstruction of their exit orifices.

Also: meibomian gland dysfunction · inflammation of tarsal glands

Bowman's membrane Acellular and resistant structure composed of randomly intertwined collagen fibers that is located immediately below the corneal epithelium and has no capacity for regeneration after suffering an injury.

Also: anterior elastic sheet of the cornea · corneal anterior limiting layer

Descemet membrane Thin acellular layer of collagen that constitutes the basement membrane of the corneal endothelium and behaves as an elastic barrier resistant to trauma and infections.

Also: posterior elastic membrane of the cornea · posterior sheet of the cornea

External limiting membrane Porous network-shaped structure that is located between the photoreceptor layer and the outer nuclear layer, formed by tight junctions between photoreceptors and Müller cells.

Also: epithelial-photoreceptor interface · external limiting network of the retina

Internal limiting membrane Fine acellular barrier that constitutes the limit of the retina, composed of the basal lamina of the extensions of the Müller glial cells.

Also: inner retinal basal lamina · vitreoretinal interface

Retinal internal limiting membrane Acellular structure composed of the basal lamina of the extensions of the Müller cells that constitutes the limit of the retina.

Also: internal limit of the retina · vitreous-retinal interface

Choroidal neovascular membrane Pathological growth of newly formed blood vessels from the choriocapillaris that cross Bruch's membrane into the subretinal space.

Also: subretinal neovascularization · macular choroidal angiogenesis

Persistent pupillary membrane Congenital anomaly characterized by remains of the fetal vasculature of the anterior vascular tunic of the lens that appear as thin bands of connective tissue over the pupil.

Also: persistence of the pupillary membrane · fetal vascular remains of the iris

Retinal metamorphopsia Subjective visual distortion in which the straight lines of objects are perceived as wavy or deformed due to the displacement of the macular photoreceptors.

Also: visual distortion of straight lines · macular metamorphopsia

Retinal microaneurysms Saccular dilations of the retinal capillaries that constitute the earliest visible ophthalmological sign of diabetic angiopathy.

Also: retinal capillary microectasias · ocular capillary microaneurysms

Retinal capillary microectasia Saccular dilation of the retinal capillary wall that constitutes the first visible ophthalmological sign of microvascular injury in diabetic patients.

Also: initial retinal microaneurysm · ocular capillary microectasia

Myopectomy Partial resection of an extraocular muscle belly, commonly performed in the inferior oblique muscle.

Also: extraocular partial myotomy · partial removal of eye muscle

Inferior oblique myopectomy Surgical procedure that consists of the resection or partial removal of the inferior oblique muscle to weaken its hyperfunctioning action.

Also: weakening of the inferior oblique · inferior oblique partial myotomy

Extraocular myositis Acute inflammation located in one or more of the extraocular muscles that produces pain on movement and diplopia.

Also: idiopathic orbital myositis · active ocular muscle inflammation

Orbital myositis Subtype of orbital pseudotumor characterized by acute inflammation of one or more extraocular muscles that causes severe pain and diplopia when moving the eye.

Also: inflammation of extraocular muscles · isolated ocular myositis

Orbital mucocele Benign expansile cystic lesion originating in the paranasal sinuses that invades the orbit, causing painless proptosis and displacement of the eyeball.

Also: orbital mucoid cyst · orbital paranasal sinus mucocele

Ciliary muscle Ring of smooth muscle fibers located in the ciliary body whose contraction reduces zonular tension on the lens to allow dynamic focusing of close objects.

Also: muscle of ocular accommodation · ciliary sphincter

Lid Müller muscle Smooth muscle fibers of sympathetic control inserted in the upper tarsus that contribute to maintaining the involuntary active elevation of the eyelid.

Also: upper tarsal muscle · Müllerian smooth muscle

Upper Müllerian muscle Muscle with sympathetic innervation that assists the levator muscle in opening the upper palpebral fissure.

Also: Müllerian superior tarsal muscle · Müllerian muscle of the upper eyelid

Levator palpebrae superioris muscle Muscle of the orbit innervated by the third cranial nerve whose contraction actively raises the upper eyelid to open the palpebral fissure.

Also: superior palpebral levator · levator palpebrae muscle

Orbicularis oculi muscle Facial mimicry muscle innervated by the facial nerve responsible for the protective closure of the eyelids and the distribution of the tear film.

Also: palpebral constrictor muscle · orbicularis oculi

Acute retinal necrosis Rapidly evolving viral infectious syndrome characterized by peripheral necrotizing retinitis with occlusive retinal vasculitis and high risk of retinal detachment.

Also: herpetic retinal necrosis · Retinal RNA

Dysthyroid optic neuropathy Compression of the optic nerve at the orbital apex caused by increased volume of extraocular muscles in patients with severe thyroid orbitopathy.

Also: apical compression of the optic nerve by thyroid · Graves' optic neuropathy

Central retinal artery occlusion Sudden interruption of arterial blood flow to the inner retina that produces diffuse retinal ischemia, generalized retinal pallor, and loss of vision.

Also: central retinal artery infarction · main retinal arterial occlusion

Central retinal vein occlusion Occlusive blockage of the main venous vessel of the retina that produces massive hemorrhages in the four quadrants, macular edema and vascular tortuosity.

Also: thrombosis of the central retinal vein · main retinal vein occlusion

Bangerter Occluder Translucent microstructured sheet that adheres to glasses to gradually penalize the acuity of one eye without covering it completely.

Also: Bangerter penalty sheets · translucent filter for amblyopia

Sympathetic ophthalmia Severe autoimmune granulomatous bilateral uveitis triggered by exposure to ocular antigens after previous penetrating trauma to the contralateral eye.

Also: bilateral sympathetic uveitis · post-traumatic granulomatous uveitis

Granulomatous sympathetic ophthalmia Severe bilateral granulomatous inflammatory reaction of the uveal tract triggered by penetrating trauma or surgery in the contralateral eye.

Also: ocular sympathetic uveitis · post-traumatic granulomatous panuveitis

Orbitotomy Surgical procedure that consists of making an incision and opening the bone orbit to access tumors, cysts or drain deep intraorbital abscesses.

Also: orbital surgical approach · orbit decompression

Bergmeister's papilla Congenital fibroglial remnant of the vascular sheath that covered the proximal portion of the hyaloid artery over the center of the optic disc.

Also: remnant of the papillary hyaloid artery · fibroglial veil of the papilla

Bergmeister papilla from the disc Congenital fibroglial remnant of the vascular tunic that surrounded the proximal portion of the hyaloid artery in the center of the optic nerve papilla.

Also: remnant of papillary hyaloid artery

Idiopathic pars planitis Subtype of intraocular inflammation characterized by the accumulation of snow banks of inflammatory exudate on the pars plana of the ciliary body and the retinal periphery.

Also: idiopathic intermediate uveitis · inflammation of the pars plana

Idiopathic uveitis pars planitis Subtype of ocular inflammation of unknown cause characterized by the accumulation of snow banks of inflammatory exudate on the pars plana of the ciliary body.

Also: idiopathic pars plana uveitis · intermediate inflammation of snow banks

Precorneal tear film Three-layer fluid structure that covers the anterior surface of the eyeball to lubricate, nourish the cornea, and provide a regular refractive surface.

Also: protective trilaminar tear · ocular tear film

Elschnig Pearls Abnormal proliferation and migration of remaining lens epithelial cells on the surface of the posterior capsule causing late visual opacification.

Also: posterior capsular regeneration beads · cellular capsular opacity

Pingueculitis Acute inflammatory process located in a previous pinguecula that presents with focal conjunctival hyperemia, mild pain and sensation of a foreign body in the nasal or temporal sector.

Also: inflammation of the pinguecula · inflamed pinguecula

Muscle folding Muscle strengthening technique in which an extraocular muscle tendon is folded over itself to increase its tension.

Also: ocular muscle plication · muscle reinforcement by folding

Police Congenital or acquired ocular malformation that is characterized by the presence of multiple real or functional pupillary openings in the thickness of the iris.

Also: multiple pupils · multiple pupillary perforations

Intraocular pressure Pressure of the fluid inside the eye; Its elevation is a risk factor for glaucoma.

Also: PIO · eyeball tension · Ecular PIO

Fresnel prism Thin plastic sheet with concentric microprisms that adheres to the glasses of patients with strabismus to temporarily correct diplopia.

Also: flexible adhesive prism · membrane prism for strabismus

Ciliary processes Folded vascular and epithelial projections in the anterior ciliary body that are responsible for the active and passive secretion of aqueous humor in the posterior chamber.

Also: aqueous-producing ciliary folds · processes of the anterior uvea

Next point of convergence Minimum distance from the eyes at which both eyeballs can converge in a sustained manner to maintain a simple image without diplopia.

Also: Visual convergence PPC · binocular convergence limit

Thygeson's keratitis Chronic, recurrent and bilateral epithelial keratopathy, characterized by multiple whitish punctate corneal lesions that do not stain uniformly with fluorescein.

Also: Thygeson's superficial punctate keratitis · Thygeson's keratopathy

Corneal Thygeson's keratitis Chronic and recurrent disease characterized by multiple rounded whitish intraepithelial deposits that do not typically take up fluorescein.

Also: Thygeson intraepithelial keratopathy

Dotted Thygeson's keratitis Epithelial disorder that manifests itself with recurrent outbreaks of bilateral epithelial lesions that cause photophobia and pain.

Also: Thygeson's punctate keratopathy · Thygeson's epithelial keratitis

Necrotizing stromal keratitis Corneal complication due to herpes simplex characterized by necrotizing inflammation mediated by immune complexes in the stroma, with risk of perforation.

Also: herpetic stromal necrotizing keratitis · herpetic stromal necrosis

Filiform keratitis Alteration of the corneal surface characterized by the presence of filaments of mucus adhered to areas of damaged corneal epithelium that cause acute pain.

Also: corneal mucoid filaments · filiform keratopathy

Photoelectric keratitis Painful inflammation of the corneal epithelium caused by acute and unprotected exposure to artificial or natural ultraviolet radiation.

Also: welding keratitis · UV actinic keratopathy

Keratitis due to eyelid exposure Corneal epithelial and stromal damage secondary to chronic desiccation of the cornea due to incomplete eyelid closure or lagophthalmos.

Also: exposure keratopathy · corneal dryness due to lack of occlusion

Posterior corneal keratoconus Non-progressive developmental anomaly characterized by a concavity on the posterior surface of the cornea with normal epithelium and stroma.

Also: localized posterior keratoconus · posterior corneal endothelial ectasia

Posterior stromal keratoconus Malformation characterized by a localized increase in the curvature of the posterior surface of the cornea without progressive thinning.

Also: congenital posterior corneal ectasia

Progressive keratoconus Progressive thinning and deformation of the corneal stroma that adopts a conical morphology that induces high irregular astigmatism and vision loss.

Also: conic keratoectasia · ectatic corneal deformity

Keratoglobus Diffuse and bilateral non-inflammatory corneal thinning in which the cornea adopts a uniformly globular or globose shape and is prone to rupture with minimal trauma.

Also: ectatic globular cornea · globular deformity of the cornea

Bullous keratopathy Formation of vesicles or subepithelial fluid blisters in the cornea due to chronic corneal edema due to dysfunction of the corneal endothelium.

Also: bullous keratopathy · corneal endothelial decompensation

Band keratopathy Pathological horizontal deposition of calcium salts on the superficial layers of the cornea, mainly in Bowman's membrane, associated with chronic inflammation or hypercalcemia.

Also: superficial calcareous keratopathy · corneal calcium band

Neurotrophic keratopathy Degenerative corneal disease characterized by the loss of corneal sensitivity and nerve trophism, due to an injury to the trigeminal nerve.

Also: neurotrophic keratitis · degenerative corneal anesthesia

Descemet membrane keratoplasty Advanced endothelial keratoplasty technique where a flap composed only of Descemet's membrane and the corneal endothelium is transplanted.

Also: DMEK by Descemet · Descemet endothelial transplant

Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty Minimum thickness corneal transplant technique that exclusively replaces Descemet's membrane and the diseased corneal endothelium through a microincision.

Also: Corneal DMEK · pure Descemet endothelial transplant

Astigmatic keratotomy Refractive procedure that consists of making arcuate cuts in the peripheral corneal stroma to flatten the most curved meridian in patients with astigmatism.

Also: arcuate keratotomy · arched corneal incisions

Optical radiation Fan-shaped nerve pathway that carries visual impulses from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

Also: Gratiolet radiation · geniculocalcarine pathway of the occipital lobe

Ocular muscle recession Surgical weakening procedure that consists of removing an extraocular muscle from its anatomical position and suturing it in a posterior location.

Also: retroinsertion of extraocular muscle · surgical weakening of the eye muscle

Oculocardiac reflex Reflex decrease in heart rate caused by traction of the extraocular muscles or compression of the eyeball through the trigemino-vagal pathways.

Also: eye pressure-induced bradycardia · Aschner reflex

Semilunar folding Vertical mucosal fold of the conjunctiva located in the inner corner of the eye that represents an evolutionary vestige of the nictitating membrane of vertebrates.

Also: semilunar fold of the conjunctiva · vestigial third eyelid

Ocular muscle resection Strengthening surgery that consists of shortening an extraocular muscle by eliminating a section of its tendon to increase its traction force.

Also: surgical muscle shortening · extraocular muscle reinforcement

Retinoschisis Abnormal separation or unfolding of the neurosensory layers of the retina into an external and internal layer, generally located in the periphery.

Also: retinal unfolding · senile degenerative retinoschisis

Degenerative retinoschisis Unfolding or separation of the layers of the neurosensory retina at the level of the external plexiform layer, commonly located in the temporal sector.

Also: peripheral retinal layer division · senile retinoschisis

Muscle retroinsertion Muscle weakening technique used in strabismus in which an extraocular muscle is removed to suture it in the sclera.

Also: muscle recession

Conjunctival sac Cavity delimited by the palpebral conjunctiva and the bulbar conjunctiva in which eye drops are deposited.

Also: fornix of the superior and inferior conjunctiva · eye lubrication bag

Orbital pseudotumor Non-neoplastic and non-infectious inflammatory process of idiopathic etiology that affects one or more components of the bony orbit, imitating a real tumor.

Also: benign idiopathic orbital inflammation · orbital inflammatory pseudotumor

Conjunctival symblépharon Permanent fibrotic adhesion between the palpebral conjunctiva of the eyelid and the bulbar conjunctiva of the eyeball, caused by burns, trauma or pemphigoid.

Also: scarring conjunctival flange · ocular symblepharon

Chandler syndrome Variant of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome characterized by abnormal proliferation of the corneal endothelium, moderate corneal edema, and mild changes in the iris.

Also: proliferative corneal endothelial dystrophy · Chandler endothelial syndrome

Corneal Chandler syndrome Subtype of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome characterized by progressive corneal edema, proliferation of endothelial cells and changes in the iris.

Also: Chandler iridocorneal endothelial syndrome · Chandler dystrophy

Cogan-Reese syndrome Variant of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome that is characterized by the presence of multiple pigmented, round-shaped nodules on the anterior surface of the iris.

Also: iridian-corneal nodule syndrome · Cogan-Reese iris nevus

Iridium Cogan-Reese syndrome Variant of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome characterized by the presence of pigmented nodules on the anterior surface of the iris.

Also: Cogan-Reese iris nodule syndrome

Sphenoidal cleft syndrome Neurological condition characterized by complete ophthalmoplegia, mydriasis and corneal anesthesia due to involvement of the structures that cross the superior orbital fissure.

Also: superior orbital fissure syndrome · ocular cranial nerve palsy

Orbital apex syndrome Severe posterior orbital condition that combines the signs of sphenoid cleft syndrome with loss of vision due to concomitant injury to the optic nerve.

Also: apical orbital neuropathy · involvement of the posterior orbital cone

Peripheral anterior synechiae Permanent anomalous fibrovascular adhesion of the peripheral iris to the trabeculum or posterior corneal structures that blocks aqueous drainage.

Also: anterior gonosynechia · iridotrabecular adhesion

Vitreous syneresis Process of contraction and liquefaction of the vitreous gel that gives rise to the separation of its liquid and solid phases, participating in the genesis of myodesopsias.

Also: collapse of the vitreous gel · contraction of the vitreous body

Synoptophore High precision optical and mechanical instrument used to diagnose and treat binocular vision anomalies and measure strabismic deviations.

Also: synoptophore orthoptic · binocular deviation meter

Scintillating Synchisis Presence of multiple mobile and highly refractive cholesterol crystals suspended in a previously liquefied vitreous humor, secondary to chronic inflammation or trauma.

Also: cholesterol crystals in vitreous · cholesterol synthesis

Vitreous cholesterol synchisis Intraocular accumulation of bright cholesterol crystals suspended in a liquefied vitreous gel, secondary to old intraocular hemorrhages.

Also: scintillating synchisis of cholesterol · movable refractive vitreous crystals

Adjustable strabismus suture Surgical technique that uses muscle sutures with sliding knots that allow readjustment of ocular alignment in the first hours of the postoperative period.

Adjustable suture in strabismus Surgical technique that allows the ocular alignment to be modified in the first hours of the postoperative period through sliding knots that regulate muscle length.

Also: adjustable ocular alignment suture · adjustable strabismus surgery

Adjustable corneal suture Surgical technique that uses corneal sutures with sliding knots that allow millimetric modification of postoperative tension to regulate astigmatisms.

Also: adjustable astigmatism suture · adjustable stromal suture

Adjustable corneal suture for astigmatism Use of sutures with sliding knots that allow the tension of the cornea to be modified during the postoperative period to neutralize astigmatism.

Also: adjustable stromal suture · postoperative corneal suture regulation

Orbital septum Thin fibrous membrane that extends from the edges of the bony orbit to the palpebral tarsi, acting as a barrier against infections.

Also: orbital septum · septum orbitale

Collagen tear plug Biodegradable device that is inserted into the lacrimal punctum to occlude the drainage of the duct and increase humidity in moderate dry eye.

Also: absorbable collagen punctal plug · temporary punctal occluder

Silicone tear plug Microdevice that is inserted into the lacrimal punctum to temporarily or permanently occlude tear drainage and increase ocular humidity.

Also: silicone punctal plug · tear retention device

Palpebral tarsus Plate of dense, fibrous connective tissue that constitutes the internal structural skeleton of the eyelids and houses the meibomian glands.

Also: tarsal plate · upper and lower tarsus

Cover-uncover test Diagnostic test that consists of alternately covering and uncovering each eye while the patient fixes his gaze to detect tropias or phorias.

Also: eye coverage test · alternating occlusion test for strabismus

Hirschberg test Rapid clinical method that evaluates the alignment of the eyeballs by observing the position of the corneal light reflection in the center of the pupil of both eyes.

Also: Hirschberg corneal light reflex · binocular alignment evaluation

Worth Test Clinical test that uses red and green lights to evaluate the degree of visual suppression, retinal correspondence and binocular fusion.

Also: test of the four lights of Worth · binocular fusion evaluation

Tear break time Parameter that measures the stability of the tear film by calculating the seconds elapsed before areas of desiccation appear.

Also: Tear film BUT · precorneal tear stability

Tear breakup time Measurement that calculates the time elapsed between the last blink and the appearance of the first of the desiccation spots in the precorneal tear film.

Also: Lacrimal BUT · tear stability time

Staining with rose bengal Ophthalmic dye that selectively stains the devitalized epithelial cells of the ocular surface and dehydrated mucus, useful in severe dry eye.

Also: rose bengal diagnostic test · staining of conjunctival necrotic cells

Lissamine green staining Dye that stains damaged epithelial cells devoid of mucin in the conjunctiva and cornea, being less irritating than rose bengal.

Also: lissamine green test · acid conjunctival stain

Rebound Tonometry Technique for rapid measurement of intraocular pressure using a magnetized microprobe that briefly impacts the cornea without requiring topical anesthesia.

Also: rebound pressure measurement · icare tonometry

Goldman Tonometer Standard optical and mechanical instrument that, coupled to the slit lamp, calculates intraocular pressure by measuring the force necessary to flatten a corneal surface of constant size.

Also: Goldman applanation tonometer · standard eye strain meter

Abexternal trabeculectomy Procedure in which a small portion of trabeculum is removed from the outside under a protective scleral flap.

Also: conventional trabecular filtering surgery · external drainage fistula

Filtering trabeculectomy Surgical technique that consists of creating a fistula protected by a scleral flap to divert aqueous humor from the anterior chamber to the subconjunctival space.

Also: glaucoma fistula surgery · scleral filter

Scleral trabeculum Network of spongy and porous connective tissue located in the iridocorneal angle that acts as a biological filter for the exit of aqueous humor towards Schlemm's canal.

Also: scleral trabecular meshwork · aqueous humor filtration network

Selective trabeculoplasty Application of short pulses of low-energy laser on the pigmented cells of the trabeculum to induce cellular remodeling that facilitates the outflow of aqueous humor.

Also: selective laser trabeculoplasty · SLT eyepiece

Trabeculotomy Surgical procedure that consists of incising and opening the trabecular meshwork from Schlemm's canal to reduce intraocular pressure.

Also: trabecular meshwork incision · abexternal trabeculotomy

Children trabeculotomy Trabecular meshwork incision performed in children with congenital glaucoma to restore aqueous humor drainage.

Also: abexternal infant trabeculotomy · trabecular traction goniotomy

Acute non-granulomatous anterior uveitis Inflammatory process of the anterior portion of the uvea that presents with cellular Tyndall, miosis and deposition of small keratic precipitates.

Also: acute non-granulomatous iritis · acute fibrinoid iridocyclitis

Posterior uveitis due to toxoplasma Focal necrotizing retinochoroidal infection caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, clinically characterized by a yellowish-white lesion.

Also: active toxoplasmic chorioretinitis · focal retinitis due to toxoplasmosis

Inferior ophthalmic vein Orbital venous vessel that drains the inferior portion of the eyeball and the inferior extraocular muscles to the pterygoid plexus.

Also: inferior orbital vein · inferior orbital venous drain

Superior ophthalmic vein Main venous vessel of the orbit that collects blood from the eyeball and adjacent structures to drain it into the cavernous sinus.

Also: superior orbital vein · superior orbital venous drainage

Vortic Vein Venous vessels that drain the middle and posterior uveal tract, crossing the sclera obliquely to empty into the ophthalmic veins.

Also: choroidal vortex vein · venous drainage of the posterior uvea

Choroidal vorticose veins Four or more main venous vessels that drain blood from the entire uveal tract, passing through the sclera obliquely toward the ophthalmic veins.

Also: choroidal vortex veins · vortic scleral veins

Vergence Coordinated and disjunctive binocular movement in which both eyes rotate in opposite directions to maintain binocular vision of an object.

Also: disjunctive eye movement · binocular convergence and divergence

Eye version Coordinated and conjugate binocular movement of both eyes towards the same direction of gaze simultaneously.

Also: conjugate binocular rotation · gaze version movement

Bagolini fluted glass Microstriated lenses used in the clinic to evaluate retinal correspondence and visual suppression under physiological visual conditions.

Also: Bagolini fluted lenses · Bagolini test for strabismus

Viscocanalostomy Surgical drainage procedure in which Schlemm's canal is mechanically dilated by injecting a high-density viscoelastic substance.

Also: viscocanalicular drainage · Schlemm viscoelastic dilation

Zinn's zonule Complex of microfibrillar elastic fibers that extends from the ciliary processes to the equator of the lens, keeping it suspended and transmitting the forces of the ciliary muscle.

Also: suspensory ligament of the lens · suspension apparatus of the lens

Ophthalmology

Other glossary specialties