Lung abscess Localized necrotic cavity filled with pus in the lung parenchyma caused by a destructive pyogenic infection, commonly secondary to aspiration of anaerobic pathogens.

Also: localized pulmonary necrosis · suppurative cavity of lung · suppurated respiratory parenchymal abscess

Anaerobic lung abscess Localized and cavitated necrosis of the lung tissue caused by microorganisms from the anaerobic oropharyngeal flora after a previous episode of aspiration of secretions.

Also: suppurative by anaerobes · of lung by anaerobic bacteria · necrotic lung aspiration

Respiratory acidosis Acid-base state disorder characterized by a decrease in blood pH due to primary retention of carbon dioxide due to alveolar hypoventilation.

Also: hypercapnic acidosis · respiratory acid-base alteration · low pH due to CO2 retention

Pulmonary actinomycosis Chronic granulomatous and suppurative bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces israelii that produces dense masses in the lung with a tendency to fistulize towards the chest wall.

Also: actinomycosis of the lung · suppurative pulmonary pseudomycosis · suppurative pulmonary fistulizing infection

Lung adenocarcinoma Pulmonary malignant epithelial neoplasia with glandular differentiation that represents the most common histological type of lung cancer detected in non-smokers.

Also: bronchopulmonary adenocarcinoma · glandular lung cancer · mucosecretory carcinoma of the peripheral lung

Aerosol therapy Therapeutic method of administering drugs directly into the respiratory tract in the form of solid or liquid particles suspended in a gas jet.

Also: inhalation therapy · of aerosol drugs · bronchopulmonary inhalation therapy

Bronchodilator aerosol therapy Selective administration of bronchodilator medications in the form of microdroplets aerosolized directly into the lower respiratory tract to relieve bronchial spasm.

Also: bronchodilation inhalation therapy · inhaled therapy with bronchodilators · segmental bronchodilator nebulization

Respiratory alkalosis Acid-base disorder characterized by an increase in blood pH caused by a decrease in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide secondary to hyperventilation.

Also: hypocapnic alkalosis · alkalosis due to hyperventilation · Elevated pH due to CO2 sweep

Alveolitis Primary inflammatory process that selectively affects the walls of the lung alveoli, and may be the initial stage of various diffuse interstitial diseases.

Also: alveolar inflammation · parenchymatous alveolitis · inflammation of interstitial air sacs

Intrinsic allergic alveolitis Chronic pulmonary immunological inflammatory process caused by repetitive inhalation of allergenic compounds in individuals without demonstrable systemic atopy.

Also: due to chronic hypersensitivity · farmer's chronicle · hypersensitivity to organic dusts

Lung computed tomography angiography High-speed imaging study that evaluates the pulmonary arterial vasculature after the automated injection of iodinated contrast medium, considered the standard for diagnosing thromboembolisms.

Also: pulmonary CT angiography · pulmonary artery tomography · tomography for vascular thromboembolism

Antracosilicosis Type of mixed pneumoconiosis characterized by the simultaneous deposition and infiltration of coal dust and free silica particles in the lung interstitium of mining workers.

Also: carbon and silica pneumoconiosis · mixed fibrosing anthracosis · coal consumption

Central sleep apnea Interruption of respiratory airflow during sleep due to the temporary absence of respiratory effort due to lack of motor stimulus from the bulbar respiratory centers.

Also: apnea of neurological origin · non-obstructive sleep apnea · central arrest of the nocturnal respiratory cycle

Mixed sleep apnea Nocturnal apnea episode that begins with a pattern of cessation of respiratory effort of central origin and ends with the reappearance of ineffective obstructive respiratory movements.

Also: mixed pattern apnea · complex nocturnal respiratory arrest · transient combined sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea in children Sleep pattern disorder characterized by frequent episodes of upper airway obstruction in children, frequently secondary to tonsillar hypertrophy.

Also: Childhood OSA · pediatric sleep · of the upper airway in children

Asbestosis Chronic diffuse and progressive interstitial lung disease caused by prolonged inhalation of microscopic asbestos fibers, strongly associated with the development of lung cancer and mesothelioma.

Also: pulmonary fibrosis due to asbestos · asbestos pneumoconiosis · industrial parenchymal asbestos

Parenchymatous asbestosis Inflammatory infiltration and subsequent diffuse collagen fibrosis of the lower lung parenchyma caused by the persistent physical deposition of asbestos needles.

Also: progressive pulmonary asbestos · alveolar asbestos · fibrosing due to asbestos

Progressive parenchymal asbestos Interstitial fibrosis of the lower lobes that progresses progressively years after exposure to asbestos has definitively ceased.

Also: pulmonary due to advanced progressive asbestos · chronic asbestos alveolar · progressive asbestos fibrosing

Pleural asbestos Localized or diffuse fibrous thickening of the parietal pleura with the formation of calcified pleural plaques derived from previous occupational exposure to asbestos.

Also: pleural plaques due to asbestos · pleural fibrosis due to asbestos · asbestosic pleural thickening

Extrinsic asthma Bronchial asthma phenotype characterized by a type I hypersensitivity response triggered by exposure to environmental allergens in atopic individuals with elevated immunoglobulin E levels.

Also: atopic asthma · allergic asthma · asthma induced by environmental allergens

Exercise-induced asthma Transitory and reversible narrowing of the airways caused by strenuous physical effort, secondary to the loss of heat and humidity of the bronchial mucosa.

Also: exercise-induced bronchospasm · BIE · bronchospasm from physical exertion

Intrinsic asthma Bronchial asthma phenotype in which atopy or sensitization to external allergens is not demonstrated, usually with a later onset and triggered by infections or stress.

Also: non-atopic asthma · non-allergic asthma · intrinsic idiopathic late-onset asthma

Occupational asthma Inflammatory airway disease characterized by a variable limitation of respiratory flow directly induced by exposure to organic dusts, fumes, gases or specific vapors in the work environment.

Also: industrial asthma · occupational bronchial hyperreactivity · work-related asthma of industrial origin

Variant asthma with cough Clinical subtype of asthma characterized by presenting chronic non-productive and persistent cough as the only symptom of the disease in the absence of auscultable wheezing.

Also: cough asthma · asthmatic equivalent of cough · persistent asthma without audible wheezing

Variant asthma with chronic cough Asthmatic pattern characterized by a non-productive cough lasting more than eight weeks as the primary symptom, which responds favorably to bronchodilators.

Also: chronic coughing asthmatic · asthmatic cough · tussive equivalent of persistent asthma

Aspergilloma Compact fungal mass or ball composed of intertwined Aspergillus hyphae, mucus, fibrin and epithelial debris that develops within a pre-existing lung cavity.

Also: pulmonary mycetoma · fungal ball · cave intracavitary aspergilloma

Intracavitary aspergilloma Mobile fungal mass with a spherical appearance composed of Aspergillus hyphae that inertly colonizes a previously scarred or tuberculous lung cavity.

Also: intrabronchial mushroom ball · cave · in residual lung cavity

Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Term that encompasses the spectrum of inflammatory, allergic or infectious pulmonary manifestations triggered by bronchial colonization of Aspergillus species.

Also: bronchial Aspergillus mycosis · aspergillary bronchopulmonary condition · Aspergillus respiratory disease

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis Pulmonary immunological hypersensitivity reaction triggered by chronic bronchial colonization of Aspergillus species that characteristically occurs in asthmatic patients.

Also: ABPA · pulmonary hypersensitivity due to Aspergillus · Aspergillus asthma that is difficult to control

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis Opportunistic infection with a fulminant evolution caused by Aspergillus that penetrates and destructively invades the vessels of the lung parenchyma.

Also: API · pulmonary infection due to invasive Aspergillus · angiotropic invasive fungal

Healing atelectasis Irreversible localized decrease in lung volume secondary to tissue contraction and traction produced by the formation of fibrosis and extensive scars.

Also: fibrotic lung collapse · due to scar contraction · lung scar volume

Obstructive atelectasis Secondary collapse of the lung parenchyma due to resorption of intraveolar gas distal to a complete occlusion of the bronchial lumen by tumors or mucus.

Also: resorption · due to bronchial impaction · airway occlusion with collapse

Passive atelectasis Collapse of the pulmonary alveolar tissue caused directly by expansive processes that occupy the pleural cavity, mechanically compressing the adjacent lung.

Also: compressive atelectasis · alveolar collapse due to external compression · passive lung volume

Bagazosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis of occupational etiology caused by repeated inhalation of dust derived from moldy dry sugar cane colonized by thermophilic actinomycete species.

Also: lung of the bagasse · sugar cane pneumoconiosis · hypersensitivity to sugarcane bagasse

Pulmonary barotrauma Structural damage to lung tissue caused by the application of excessive pressures during mechanical ventilation that can cause pneumothorax or emphysema.

Also: pressure-induced lung injury · alveolar damage from barotrauma · alveolar rupture due to ventilation

Berylliosis Chronic pulmonary and multisystem granulomatous disease induced by a cellular hypersensitivity response mediated by T lymphocytes in individuals exposed and sensitized to metallic beryllium or its compounds.

Also: beryllium granulomatous disease · chronic berylliosis · chronic aerospace beryllium poisoning

Acute berylliosis Chemical pneumonitis with an acute course and rapid evolution characterized by an acute inflammatory infiltrate secondary to massive inhalation of fumes rich in beryllium.

Also: acute beryllium pneumonitis · acute alveolar damage due to beryllium · quick course beryllium

Chronic pulmonary berylliosis Chronic inflammatory pneumopathy characterized by non-caseating sarcoid granulomas triggered by a specific cellular immune reaction to beryllium.

Also: pulmonary beryllium granulomatosis · beryllium chronicle · immunological due to chronic course beryllium

Pleural needle biopsy Removal of small fragments of parietal pleura using a specific pleural biopsy needle in a blind or percutaneous manner for the study of exudates.

Also: Cope or Abrams pleura biopsy · parietal pleura sampling with needle · blind percutaneous pleural biopsy

Lung biopsy by puncture Procedure for obtaining lung tissue using a percutaneous puncture needle guided by computed tomography for the study of peripheral nodules.

Also: transthoracic needle biopsy · Transcutaneous pulmonary FNAC · lung core needle biopsy

Transbronchial biopsy Endoscopic procedure to obtain fragments of deep lung parenchymal tissue passing through the bronchial wall through the use of special forceps guided by bronchoscopy.

Also: BTB · endoscopic lung biopsy · alveolar transbronchial parenchymal sampling

Byssinosis Occupational respiratory disease of an obstructive nature caused by repeated inhalation of organic dusts from the processing of cotton, linen or hemp textile fibers.

Also: Monday illness · cotton fever · industrial cotton asthma

Chronic byssinosis Advanced stage of byssinosis characterized by a chronic, persistent and irreversible limitation of airflow that clinically mimics the pattern of COPD.

Also: irreversible byssinosis · chronic limitation of spinners · chronic obstruction due to cotton dust

Flax byssinosis Obstructive pathology of industrial origin that affects linen spinning workers, characterized by presenting symptoms of variable chest tightness.

Also: of linen workers · flax spinning disease · bronchoobstruction due to linen dust

Cotton byssinosis Bronchospasm and reversible airflow limitation that develops characteristically in textile workers exposed to cotton fiber dust.

Also: respiratory of spinning mills · of linen and hemp · of the first day of the work week

Byssinosis of flax and hemp Occupational obstructive type dyspnea triggered by dust released when handling flax or hemp plant fibers.

Also: obstructive by flax and hemp · industrial by flax and hemp powder · bronchoobstruction due to textile plant fibers

Bronchoaspiration Accidental entry of liquid, solid or gastric content substances directly into the lower respiratory tract through the larynx due to the abolition of protective reflexes.

Also: bronchial aspiration · aspiration of gastric contents · reflux passage to laryngotracheal airways

Acid bronchoaspiration Sudden entry of gastric material with very low pH into the bronchial tree, causing the immediate development of Mendelson syndrome or chemical pneumonitis.

Also: aspiration of gastric juice · by Mendelson · chemistry due to massive gastric reflux

Bronchospasm Involuntary and reversible contraction of bronchial smooth muscle cells that causes immediate narrowing of the airways with active limitation of expiratory flow.

Also: bronchial spasm · bronchial contraction · narrowing of conduction airways

Bronchophonia Abnormal increase in the resonance of the voice transmitted through the thorax during auscultation that causes articulated words to be heard intensely but blurred due to the presence of a consolidation focus.

Also: increased vocal transmission · bronchial resonance of the voice · auscultatory condensation bronchophony

Bronchomalacia Structural and cartilaginous weakness that causes pathological narrowing and collapse of the main bronchi during active expiration.

Also: dynamic bronchial collapse · bronchial cartilaginous · bronchial expiratory dynamics

Congenital bronchomalacia Defect in the development of the supporting cartilage of the main respiratory tract of the infant that causes persistent wheezing refractory to bronchodilators.

Also: congenital bronchial collapse · neonatal bronchial cartilaginous weakness · bronchial malacia of the newborn

Expiratory dynamic bronchomalacia Sagging of the supporting cartilages of the main bronchi that causes their dynamic intraluminal collapse during active or forced expirations.

Also: bronchial dynamics · dynamic expiratory collapse bronchi

Localized bronchomalacia Cartilaginous weakness limited to a specific lobar or segmental bronchus, causing a fixed obstruction to expiratory flow in that area.

Also: localized bronchial collapse · circumscribed cartilaginous bronchus · localized bronchial malacia

Segmental bronchomalacia Cartilaginous weakness located exclusively in the segmental bronchi that causes their dynamic collapse during periods of expiratory effort.

Also: segmental bronchial collapse · segmental conduction bronchial malacia · localized segmental cartilaginous weakness

Bronchopneumonia Respiratory infection characterized by patchy, multifocal and irregular inflammatory and consolidation foci that are distributed along the bronchioles and adjacent alveoli of both lungs.

Also: patch pneumonia · lobular bronchopneumonia · multiple bilateral bronchopneumonic foci

Bronchorrhaphy Surgical procedure of suturing or direct repair of a wound, break or tear located in the wall of a main bronchus.

Also: surgical bronchial suture · bronchial repair · bronchial wall suture

Fiberoptic bronchoscopy Visual exploration of the trachea and bronchial tree using a flexible endoscope that transmits high-definition digital or fiber images.

Also: flexible fibrobronchoscopy · flexible tracheobronchial endoscopy · flexible bronchial examination

Rigid bronchoscopy Surgical procedure that uses a large-caliber hollow metal tube to explore the trachea and main bronchi, allowing the extraction of foreign bodies.

Also: rigid tube bronchoscopy · rigid tracheobronchial examination · metallic surgical bronchoscopy

Bronchiolitis obliterans Chronic and progressive obstructive pathology of the distal airways characterized by concentric fibrous and scarring obliteration of the bronchiolar lumen of an irreversible nature.

Also: constrictive bronchiolitis · fibrous bronchiolar obliteration · obstructive popcorn lung

Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia Disorder characterized by the presence of connective tissue plugs in alveolar ducts and distal bronchioles associated with alveolar infiltrates.

Also: OP · organized obliterant · BOOP interstitial inflammatory

Post-infectious obliterans bronchiolitis Scarring fibrosis and permanent narrowing of small-caliber bronchioles resulting from a severe viral infection during childhood.

Also: bronchiolitis obliterans of the infant · post-viral constrictive · post-infectious bronchiolar scar

Non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis Condition that presents with chronic cough and infiltration of eosinophils in the sputum in patients who do not show variable airflow obstruction or bronchial hyperreactivity.

Also: BENA · isolated eosinophilic bronchial inflammation · chronic non-asthmatic eosinophilic cough

Idiopathic non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis Eosinophilic inflammation of the airways without demonstrable bronchial hyperreactivity of unknown cause, characterized by persistent cough.

Also: Idiopathic BENA · idiopathic isolated bronchial eosinophilic inflammation · isolated eosinophilic chronic of unknown cause

Suction control chamber Section of the thoracic drainage system that precisely regulates the negative vacuum pressure applied to the pleural space using a column of water.

Also: drain vacuum regulator · water suction control · negative pressure chamber of the pleural system

Lambert Canals Accessory and microscopic tubular connections that directly communicate the terminal bronchioles with the adjacent alveoli, serving as physiological pathways for collateral ventilation of great relevance in situations of obstruction of the distal airway.

Also: bronchioloalveolar communications · Lambert's bronchoalveolar canals · Lambert collateral pathways

Thermo-humidified high flow nasal cannula Ventilatory support that comfortably administers flows of hot, moisture-saturated gases through an ergonomic nasal interface.

Also: Handheld thermo-humidified CNAF · high flow conditioned nasal · precision thermo-humidified high-flow nasal spray

High flow nasal cannula Device that provides high flows of actively heated and humidified oxygen to optimize support in patients with acute respiratory failure.

Also: CNAF · high flow · high flow nasal oxygen support

Thermo-humidified high-flow nasal cannula System that delivers hot and intensely humid gas mixtures at high flows via the nasal route, reducing the upper respiratory dead space.

Also: thermohumidified CNAF · high flow heated · high flow conditioned nasal

Low flow nasal cannula Flexible plastic device that is inserted into the nasal passages to administer supplemental oxygen at flows less than six liters per minute.

Also: low flow nasal tips · simple nasal oxygen cannula · low flow nasal goggles

Carbon monoxide diffusion capacity High-precision respiratory functional test that indirectly quantifies the passive transfer of gases from the alveolus to the pulmonary capillaries through the alveolocapillary membrane using carbon monoxide as a tracer gas.

Also: DLCO · carbon monoxide transfer factor · TLCO

Total lung capacity Total volume of air contained inside the lungs at the end of a maximum inspiration maneuver, equivalent to the physiological sum of vital capacity and residual volume.

Also: TLC · maximum absolute lung volume of insufflation

Functional residual capacity Volume of air that remains inside the lungs at the end of a normal passive expiration at tidal volume, which represents the point of static mechanical equilibrium of thoracopulmonary elastic forces.

Also: FRC · expiratory rest volume of the respiratory system

Vital capacity Maximum volume of air that a person can expel voluntarily after having performed a previous maneuver of complete maximum inspiration.

Also: CV · mobilizable vital volume · static vital respiratory capacity

Forced vital capacity Maximum volume of air that a person is capable of expelling from the lungs through an expiration maneuver that is as rapid and energetic as possible starting from a previous maximum inspiration.

Also: FVC · CVF · total maximum forced expiratory volume

Capnography Graphic and continuous recording of the partial pressure or concentration of carbon dioxide measured in the airway during the final phase of pulmonary expiration.

Also: end-tidal CO2 recording · capnographic curve · expiratory capnometry analysis

Volumetric capnography Simultaneous analysis of the volume of exhaled carbon dioxide with respect to the total tidal volume that allows the physiological dead space to be calculated with great accuracy.

Also: CO2 record by volume · flow capnography · volumetric CO2 removal graph

Capnometry Digital determination of the concentration of carbon dioxide in the patient's exhaled air that provides the absolute numerical value without recording the temporal graph.

Also: expiratory CO2 · end-tidal capnometry · quantitative exhaled CO2

Large cell carcinoma of the lung Lung cancer of large undifferentiated malignant cells that lacks squamous or glandular differentiation in conventional histopathological study.

Also: undifferentiated large cell carcinoma · large cell lung · undifferentiated large cells

Small cell carcinoma of the lung Malignant tumor originating from neuroendocrine cells of the respiratory mucosa, extremely fast growing and prone to early distant metastasis.

Also: small cell lung cancer · oat-cell carcinoma · small cell lung

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung Malignant pulmonary neoplasm of predominantly central location characterized by intercellular bridges or keratin pearls, with a strong causal association with tobacco consumption.

Also: squamous lung carcinoma · bronchial epidermoid cancer · squamous cell lung

Tuberculous cavern Thick-walled cavitated lesion formed by the bronchial evacuation of caseous necrotic material from a focus of tuberculosis, which provides an ideal environment for massive replication of the bacillus.

Also: tuberculous cavitation · caseation cavity · cave due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis cavitary

Gohn complex Calcified lung lesion that constitutes the mark of a cured tuberculous primary infection, composed of a focus of parenchymal pulmonary consolidation and calcification of the draining hilar lymph node.

Also: primary Gohn focus · primary tuberculosis complex · parenchymal Gohn lesion

Ranke Complex Late healing stage of primary tuberculous infection characterized by complete and radiologically visible calcification of both the Gohn's pulmonary focus and the satellite hilar nodes.

Also: calcified tuberculous complex · healing of the Gohn complex · calcified pulmonary Ranke lesion

Pulmonary compliance Physical measure of the distension or elasticity capacity of the lung parenchyma and the thoracic cage, clinically defined as the change in lung volume that occurs with a determined variation in transpulmonary pressure.

Also: lung compliance · static lung elasticity · volumetric lung capacitance

Cooximetry Diagnostic technique using spectrophotometry that simultaneously differentiates the percentage of real oxygenation of the blood by measuring compounds such as carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin.

Also: spectral co-oximetry · carboxyhemoglobin measurement · analysis of circulating dysfunctional hemoglobins

Tracheobronchial foreign body Accidental presence of any exogenous solid object lodged in the trachea or main bronchi, a frequent cause of asphyxiation or localized wheezing.

Also: foreign body aspiration · exogenous intrabronchial object · strange tracheobronchial impaction

Surgical pleural decortication Detailed removal of the pleural fibrous cortex that imprisons the lung in order to completely restore the capacity for thoracopulmonary expansion.

Also: pleural cortex peeling · pulmonary decortication · fibrous trapped lung

Pleuroperitoneal shunt Internal bypass procedure that drains refractory pleural fluid in a controlled and unidirectional manner towards the abdominal cavity through a valved catheter.

Also: pleuroperitoneal shunt · from pleural fluid to peritoneum · internal pleuroperitoneal

Exudative pleural effusion Accumulation of pleural fluid rich in proteins and lactic dehydrogenase secondary to local inflammatory, infectious or neoplastic processes of the pleura.

Also: pleural exudate · exudate-type pleural fluid · pleural inflammatory fluid accumulation

Transudative pleural effusion Accumulation of pleural fluid with low protein content caused by alterations in systemic hydrostatic or oncotic pressures, typical of heart failure.

Also: pleural transudate · transudate-type pleural fluid · pleural hydrostatic accumulation of fluid

Alveolocapillary pulmonary diffusion Passive gas exchange in favor of a pressure gradient that occurs constantly across the layers of the pulmonary blood-air barrier.

Also: of alveolocapillary gases · passive alveolocapillary · of gases from the alveolar blood-air barrier

Primary ciliary dyskinesia Genetic disease characterized by a structural and functional alteration in the coordinated beating of cellular cilia, resulting in defective mucociliary clearance and recurrent respiratory infections.

Also: immobile cilia syndrome · genetic ciliary clearance anomaly

Pleuritic pain Painful sensation of a sharp, stabbing nature that is located in the chest wall and is intensely exacerbated during deep respiratory movements, coughing or sneezing due to rubbing of the inflamed pleural sheets.

Also: side stitch · pleural pain · acute respiratory chest pain

Closed pleural drainage Mechanical system provided with a bottle with a water seal or one-way valve that allows the evacuation of air or liquid from the pleural space safely.

Also: pleural water seal system · closed chest drainage · pleural water trap by tube

Postural drainage Respiratory kinesic technique that uses gravity through different body positions of the patient to guide the mobilization of secretions from peripheral bronchi to main airways.

Also: gravity drainage of bronchi · bronchial therapeutic positioning · postural clearance of secretions

Bronchial postural drainage Systematized placement of the body in specific positions to promote the emptying of secretions from a lung lobe using gravity.

Also: of secretions due to gravity · segmental postural · kinesic bronchial emptying

Endobronchial ultrasound Procedure that associates an ultrasound transducer at the distal end of the bronchoscope that allows visualization and targeted punctures of mediastinal lymphadenopathy through the trachea.

Also: EBUS · endobronchial ultrasound · linear bronchoscope-guided ultrasound puncture

Endobronchial ultrasound with puncture aspiration Diagnostic procedure that combines endobronchial ultrasound and fine needle puncture of mediastinal lymphadenopathy for the staging diagnosis of lung cancer.

Also: EBUS-TBNA · endobronchial ultrasound with puncture · mediastinal transbronchial ultrasound guidance

Lymphatic endobronchial ultrasound High-precision bronchoscopic procedure guided by ultrasound to facilitate needle puncture-aspiration of mediastinal lymphadenopathy through the airway.

Also: Nodal EBUS · mediastinal transbronchial · by transtracheal linear bronchoscope

Bohr effect Physiological phenomenon by which the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen in the systemic capillaries, facilitating the oxygenation of metabolically active tissues.

Also: deviation due to hemoglobin acidity · hemoglobinic Bohr effect · decrease in proton affinity of hemoglobin

Pulmonary shunt effect Alteration of the pulmonary ventilation-perfusion relationship in which capillary blood circulates through collapsed or fluid-filled alveoli without becoming oxygenated.

Also: intrapulmonary shunt · of non-ventilated alveoli · short circuit from right to left

Dead space effect Alteration of the lung ventilation-perfusion relationship in which alveolar sacs that completely lack blood perfusion due to vascular obstruction are adequately ventilated.

Also: of non-perfused alveoli · reverse physiological shunt · dead space V/Q ratio

Venous mixing effect Drop in arterial oxygen tension produced by the combination of oxygenated pulmonary blood with deoxygenated blood from pathological capillary shunts.

Also: capillary mixing shunt · pulmonary venous · of oxygenation by venous mixing

Haldane Effect Phenomenon by which the binding of oxygen molecules to hemoglobin in the alveolar capillaries directly decreases its affinity for carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions, facilitating the pulmonary elimination of these compounds.

Also: CO2 facilitating deoxygenation · hemoglobinic Haldane effect · CO2 displacement by alveolar oxygenation

Lung elastance Physical property of the lung parenchyma to actively oppose deformation and return to its initial resting volume after the cessation of an insufflating force, equivalent to the mathematical reciprocal of lung compliance.

Also: lung rigidity · elastic recoil of the lung · elastic resistance of the lung parenchyma

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease Uncommon variant of pulmonary hypertension characterized histologically by progressive and intimate fibrous occlusion of small caliber pulmonary venules and veins with retrograde capillary congestion.

Also: EVOP · chronic pulmonary venular occlusion · occlusive pulmonary venous microangiopathy

Centralacinar emphysema Destruction of the alveolar parenchyma that selectively affects the central and proximal respiratory bronchioles of the acinus, sparing the distal alveoli, typical of patients with chronic smoking and located in the upper lobes.

Also: centrilobular emphysema · smoker's emphysema · central acinar emphysema of the upper lobes

Panacinar emphysema Uniform histopathological destruction of the alveolar architecture that homogeneously affects all components of the pulmonary acinus, located predominantly at the bases and classically associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.

Also: panlobular emphysema · diffuse acinar destruction · lung-based panacinar emphysema

Paraseptal emphysema Tissue destruction of the alveolar walls that is located adjacent to the interlobular connective tissue septa or the visceral pleura, frequently associated with the formation of apical bullae and spontaneous pneumothorax.

Also: distal acinar emphysema · subpleural emphysema · peripheral septal emphysema

Bullous pulmonary emphysema Alveolar pathology characterized by the confluence of destroyed air spaces that form giant thin-walled bullae with a diameter greater than one centimeter.

Also: giant blistering · of giant bulls · peripheral bullous alveolar

Alveolar conduction space Fraction or total volume of the pulmonary alveolar system that simultaneously receives both mechanical ventilation and capillary perfusion, facilitating gas exchange.

Also: active respiratory zone · effective alveolar volume · selective alveolocapillary exchange

Dead driving space Total volume corresponding to the conduction zones of the tracheobronchial tree where there is no physical possibility of gas exchange.

Also: total dead space volume · ineffective respiratory · anatomical global dead ventilation zone

Anatomical dead space Portion of the respiratory system corresponding strictly to the conduction airways where gas exchange with capillary blood does not occur due to the structural absence of alveoli.

Also: non-respiratory conduction space · anatomical dead volume · tracheobronchial dead conduction zone

Physiological dead space Total sum of anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space, which represents the entire volume of inspired air that does not participate effectively in pulmonary gas exchange due to an altered ventilation-perfusion relationship.

Also: functional dead space · ineffective ventilation volume · total ventilation dead space

Maximum forced expiration Complete lung emptying maneuver carried out with the greatest force and speed possible to assess the existence of bronchial conduction obstructions.

Also: forced spirometric emptying · maximum expiratory maneuver of Tiffeneau · rapid alveolar emptying

Bronchodilator spirometry Percentage variation of forced spirometry flows measured after inhaled administration of a short-acting agonist to verify reversibility.

Also: spirometry test with bronchodilator · assessment of spirometric reversibility · post-salbutamol spirometry

Forced spirometry Non-invasive lung function test that continuously measures the volume of air exhaled forcefully and quickly as a function of time to evaluate airflow.

Also: volume-time curve · forced spirographic registration · spirometric bronchial emptying test

Simple spirometry Graphic record of the lung volumes of air that can be mobilized by the patient in a slow, deliberate and non-forced manner, useful for quantifying static vital capacity.

Also: slow spirometry · basal spirographic record · volumetric static respiratory functional test

Rusty sputum Characteristic bronchial secretion of dense consistency and reddish or rusty color that typically appears during the red hepatization phase of pneumococcal pneumonia due to intraveolar lysis of red blood cells.

Also: rusty sputum · classical pneumococcal sputum · bacterial rust sputum

Asthmatic status Acute exacerbation of asthma with progressive evolution and extreme severity that is refractory to initial emergency bronchodilator and corticosteroid treatments.

Also: refractory asthma attack · asthmatic status · severe acute life-threatening obstructive asthma

Tracheal stenosis Persistent narrowing of the tracheal lumen usually secondary to the development of fibrous scars after prolonged intubations or tracheostomies.

Also: of the trachea · tracheal scarring · obstructive tracheal fibrosis

Tracheal cicatricial stenosis Fixed obstruction and narrowing of the lumen of the trachea caused by the disordered proliferation of fibrous connective tissue after mucosal aggression.

Also: scarred trachea · fibrous obstructive tracheal · stenosing scar of trachea

Post-intubation tracheal stenosis Circular obstructive tracheal scar lesion secondary to mucosal tissue ischemia due to excessive pressure from pneumotamponade of an endotracheal tube.

Also: tracheal via endotracheal tube · obstructive tracheal post-intubation · stenosing trachea scar due to cuff

Respiratory stupor State of lethargy and clouding of consciousness secondary to the extreme and toxic retention of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

Also: CO2 narcosis · hypercapnic coma · obtundation due to severe hypercapnia

Diaphragmatic fatigue Inability of the diaphragm muscle to continue generating the contractile force required to maintain adequate alveolar ventilation, a prelude to respiratory arrest.

Also: diaphragmatic claudication · diaphragmatic muscle exhaustion · contractile insufficiency of the diaphragm

Fibrobronchoscopy Endoscopic exploration of the airways using a flexible device provided with fiber optics or digital camera that facilitates the examination of segmental bronchi.

Also: flexible bronchoscopy · flexible bronchial endoscopy · diagnostic videobronchoscopy

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Diffuse interstitial lung disease of a chronic, progressive, limiting and irreversible nature, characterized histologically by the usual interstitial pneumonia pattern with foci of dense collagen and honeycombing.

Also: FPI · cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis · idiopathic pulmonary cirrhosis

Instrumental respiratory physiotherapy Set of bronchial hygiene techniques that use external mechanical devices that generate vibrations or pressure oscillations to facilitate expectoration.

Also: pulmonary with devices · assisted by oscillating devices · bronchial clearance instrument

Manual respiratory physiotherapy Percussion, vibration and drainage techniques applied directly with the therapist's hands on the chest wall to loosen and mobilize thick mucus.

Also: percussion and thoracic vibration · manual chest · secretion clearance manual

Pulmonary arteriovenous fistula Direct anomalous vascular communication between a pulmonary artery and a pulmonary vein without the physiological interposition of an alveolar capillary bed, causing a right-to-left shunt.

Also: FAVP · pulmonary arteriovenous shunt · congenital pulmonary vascular fistula

Bronchopleural fistula Anomalous channel or communication established in a pathological manner between the bronchial tree and the pleural cavity, serious complication of necrotizing pneumonia or thoracic surgeries.

Also: FBP · anomalous bronchopleural duct · airway fistula to visceral pleura

Tracheoesophageal fistula Pathological communication established between the anterior trachea and the posterior esophagus, causing chemical pneumonia due to the direct passage of food.

Also: FTE · congenital tracheoesophageal · acquired tracheoesophageal compression

Acquired tracheoesophageal fistula Anomalous pathological communication between the tracheal lumen and the esophagus that conditions the direct passage of saliva and food to the lower respiratory tree.

Also: FTE acquired · tracheoesophageal by intubation · acquired from trachea and esophagus

Congenital tracheoesophageal fistula Malformation of the embryonic development of the tracheoesophageal septum that generates an abnormal communication between the trachea and the esophagus from birth.

Also: Congenital TEF · tracheoesophageal of the newborn · tracheoesophageal embryonic development

Respiratory rate Number of complete ventilatory cycles composed of inspiration and expiration that a person performs during a period of one minute at rest.

Also: FR · respiratory cycles per minute · basal ventilation rate

Increased respiratory rate Pathological increase in the number of ventilations per minute above the normal range, a cardinal symptom of respiratory insufficiency or distress.

Also: manifest tachypnea · ventilatory polypnea · accelerated respiratory rate

Decreased respiratory rate Pathological reduction in the number of respiratory cycles below the normal physiological range, indicative of central depression of ventilation.

Also: manifest bradypnea · slowed ventilatory rate · depressed respiratory rate

Pleural rubs Crisp, dry and harsh auscultatory noises that imitate the rubbing of two pieces of leather, produced by the mutual rubbing of the inflamed visceral and parietal pleural sheets during the breathing phases.

Also: pleural friction · pleural friction crepitation · fibrinous pleuritis noises

Pleural air leak Persistent leakage of gas from the lung parenchyma into the pleural space through a bronchopleural fistula documented by bubbling in the drainage.

Also: active air leak · air escape through drainage · persistence of pleural bubbling

Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient Mathematical difference between the partial pressure of oxygen inside the alveolus and the partial pressure of oxygen measured in arterial blood, useful to evaluate the presence of defects in diffusion or in the ventilation and perfusion relationship.

Also: AaDO2 · alveolar O2 gradient · alveoloarterial oxygen difference

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis Systemic necrotizing vasculitis of small and medium caliber vessels associated with ANCA-PR3 antibodies, which characteristically affects the upper and lower respiratory tract along with the renal glomerular apparatus.

Also: Wegener's disease · Wegener's vasculitis · systemic Wegener's granulomatosis

Lymphomatoid granulomatosis Angiocentric and destructive lymphoproliferative process closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection that selectively affects intrapulmonary arteries and veins.

Also: Liebow lymphoid angiocentrisms · pulmonary angiocentric lymphoma · pulmonary EBV-associated B-cell granulomatosis

Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis Extremely rare pulmonary vascular pathology characterized by the uncontrolled and invasive proliferation of microscopic alveolar capillaries within the alveolar septa and venous walls.

Also: HCP · septal capillary proliferation · diffuse pulmonary alveolar angiomatosis

Mediastinal hernia Abnormal displacement of a portion of the lung parenchyma and its visceral pleura towards the contralateral hemithorax through the weak points of the mediastinum.

Also: mediastinal pulmonary herniation · interpleural lung displacement · intrathoracic parenchymal hernia

Permissive hypercapnia Mechanical ventilation strategy that tolerates high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood in a controlled manner to avoid barotrauma or pulmonary volutrauma.

Also: hypercapnic protective ventilation · therapeutic controlled hypercapnia · permissive CO2 retention

Hypocapnia Abnormal decrease in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood below the physiological range, usually secondary to hyperventilation.

Also: hypocabin · low arterial CO2 levels · blood carbon dioxide deficiency

Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis Uncommon interstitial disease characterized by the abnormal proliferation and nodular infiltration of Langerhans cells that induce the destruction of the parenchyma through the formation of predominantly apical air cysts.

Also: pulmonary histiocytosis · eosinophilic granuloma of the lung · Smoker's lung HCL

Adult pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis Cystic pathology that presents with infiltration of Langerhans cells in middle-aged active smokers with a chronic course.

Also: adult pulmonary histiocytosis · adult pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma · Smoking pulmonary HCL in adults

Ciliary motility index Measurement used to quantitatively estimate the beat frequency and functionality of cilia in a sample of ciliated respiratory epithelium.

Also: percentage of ciliary clearance · active ciliary beating · mucociliary clearance of shake

Tiffeneau index Mathematical relationship between the forced expiratory volume in the first second and the total vital capacity obtained in slow spirometry, classically used in respiratory physiology to differentiate and classify obstructive and restrictive patterns.

Also: FEV1/VC ratio · Tiffeneau quotient · spirometric Tiffeneau fraction

Alveolar infiltrate Radiological sign characterized by the occupation of the alveolar spaces by fluids, mucus, pus or blood, which erases the contours of the neighboring blood vessels.

Also: alveolar consolidation · radiological pulmonary condensation · radiopacity of air sacs

Interstitial infiltrator Abnormal radiological or tomographic image that draws a pattern of lines or meshes derived from inflammatory thickening of the interlobular and interstitial septa.

Also: linear interstitial pattern · interstitial septal thickening · diffuse interstitial radiopacity

Nodular interstitial infiltrate Radiological presence of multiple small rounded opacities distributed along the supporting structures of the lung.

Also: nodular lung pattern · diffuse interstitial micronodules · interstitial nodular radiopacity

Reticular interstitial infiltrate Abnormal radiological pattern composed of a fine network of crossed linear opacities that reflects thickening of the interlobular interstitium.

Also: lung reticular pattern · pathological interstitial network · diffuse reticular radiopacity

Reticulonodular interstitial infiltrate Mixed radiological pattern consisting of a fine linear network that associates small micronodules, characteristic of interstitial diseases.

Also: reticulonodular pattern of lung · pathological micronodular network · mixed interstitial radiopacity

Pressurized cartridge inhaler Device that dispenses drugs in fine microdroplets using a liquefied gaseous propellant for direct administration via inhalation.

Also: pMDI · pressurized metered dose · portable metered aerosol

Pressurized cartridge inhaler with chamber Conjunctive use of a metered dose inhaler with a spacer chamber that facilitates inhalation by slowing down the speed of the particles.

Also: pMDI with spacer · inhaler with inhalation chamber · aerosol dispenser with volume spacer

Dry powder inhaler Dispensing device that delivers the drug in fine dry particles, requiring the patient's inspiratory force for its dispersion in the airway.

Also: DPI · of fine powder · dry powder activated by spontaneous inspiration

Multi-dose dry powder inhaler Device that securely stores multiple individual doses of fine powder drug ready for consecutive dosing and inhalation by the patient.

Also: Multi-dose DPI · dry powder inhaler with reservoir · multi-dose fine powder dispenser

Bronchoalveolar lavage Sample of cells and immune complexes obtained by sequential instillation and aspiration of sterile saline solution in a lung segment during fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

Also: LBA · segmental alveolar lavage · instillation-aspiration of segmental alveoli

Segmental bronchoalveolar lavage Obtaining cells from the distal space by instilling sterile saline in a specific segment of the lung lobe through bronchoscopy.

Also: segmental alveolar · segmental fiberoptic bronchoscopy · precision segmental alveolar

Pulmonary lymphangioma Uncommon congenital malformation of the pulmonary lymphatic vessels characterized by their cystic dilation in the parenchyma and interlobular septa.

Also: pulmonary lymphatic malformation · lymphatic lung cysts · circumscribed pulmonary lymphangiectasia

Lymphangiomyomatosis Destructive disease characterized by abnormal clonal proliferation of atypical smooth muscle cells around lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and pulmonary airways, occurring almost exclusively in young women.

Also: LAM · cystic bronchial myomatous proliferation · cystic pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Multisystemic lymphangiomyomatosis Diffuse proliferation of smooth muscle cells that affects not only the lungs, but also abdominal and retroperitoneal lymphatic structures.

Also: Extrapulmonary LAM · proliferation of lymphatic smooth muscle · of lymphatophilic smooth muscle cells

Pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis Proliferative cystic lung disease of a progressive and destructive nature caused by the growth of abnormal smooth muscle cells that occlude lymphatic vessels.

Also: Lung LAM · cystic myomatous proliferation · progressive destructive pleural

Idiopathic Ondine's Curse Genetic disorder of respiratory automatism characterized by the absence of known mutations but with identical symptoms of severe central apneas during sleep.

Also: of central idiopathic sleep · non-genetic central hypoventilation · autonomous of unknown cause

Curse of Neonatal Ondine Rare congenital defect in the PHOX2B gene that severely compromises the control of voluntary autonomic ventilation causing severe central apneas during sleep.

Also: severe congenital central · of sleep by PHOX2B · familial neonatal neurogenic center

Familiar Neonatal Ondina's Curse An extremely serious autosomal dominant genetic disorder that causes deep central nocturnal apneas in multiple members of a family.

Also: of central hereditary sleep · familial congenital central hypoventilation · of the family PHOX2B gene

Acute suppurative mediastinitis Severe necrotizing infection with a fulminant course that invades the mediastinal spaces, commonly caused by an esophageal rupture or deep dental infections.

Also: acute necrotizing mediastinitis · mediastinal suppuration · mediastinal infection due to anaerobes

Chronic mediastinitis Persistent, low-intensity inflammatory process located in the mediastinal connective tissues, frequently of granulomatous origin due to histoplasmosis or tuberculosis.

Also: chronic granulomatous mediastinitis · persistent mediastinal inflammation · chronic mediastinal granuloma

Fibrosing mediastinitis Chronic inflammatory process characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of dense collagen and fibrous tissue within the mediastinum that progressively compresses vessels and airways.

Also: sclerosing mediastinitis · mediastinal fibrosis · idiopathic progressive mediastinal sclerosis

Mediastinoscopy Minor surgical intervention that allows direct and instrumented inspection of the upper anterior mediastinal compartment through a transverse incision above the sternum.

Also: exploratory mediastinoscopy · direct mediastinal biopsy · exploratory Carlens cervical mediastinoscopy

Malignant pleural mesothelioma Aggressive neoplasm originating in the mesothelium of the visceral or parietal pleura, associated in the vast majority of cases with previous exposure to asbestos.

Also: MPM · pleural cancer due to asbestos · diffuse mesothelial malignant pleural tumor

Active mesh nebulizer Latest generation nebulizer that generates aerosols through the active oscillation of a micro-perforated metal plate that atomizes the solution efficiently.

Also: active micro-perforated mesh · high precision active vibrating mesh · precision oscillating metal membrane

Vibrating mesh nebulizer Latest generation nebulizer that generates aerosols by passing liquid medications through the micro-holes of a membrane that vibrates at high frequency.

Also: active mesh · oscillating micro-perforated mesh · high precision active membrane

Jet nebulizer Medical device that fragments drug solutions into a dense aerosol using a stream of compressed air or oxygen at high speed.

Also: pneumatic nebulizer · continuous flow · micro-fogging by pneumatic compressed air

Pneumatic jet nebulizer Micro-nebulization device coupled to a regulated oxygen or compressed air intake to generate a homogeneous and constant flow of microdroplets.

Also: pneumatic continuous flow · pneumatic flow micro-nebulization · high speed tire

Ultrasonic nebulizer Atomizer that produces a dense and homogeneous aerosol through high-frequency vibrations transmitted through a piezoelectric transducer to a solution.

Also: by ultrasound · piezoelectric drug · high liquid density acoustic

Pneumocyte type I Highly specialized squamous alveolar epithelial cell that covers approximately ninety-five percent of the inner surface of the pulmonary alveoli, characterized by an extremely thin cytoplasm that optimizes the passive diffusion of respiratory gases through the alveolocapillary membrane.

Also: type I alveolar cell · membranous pneumocyte · alveolar squamous epithelial cell

Pneumocyte type II Alveolar epithelial cell with a cubic morphology that synthesizes, stores and secretes pulmonary surfactant to reduce alveolar surface tension, also acting as a progenitor cell capable of proliferating and differentiating to regenerate the alveolar epithelium after tissue injury.

Also: granular pneumocyte · type II alveolar cell · surfactant-secreting cell

Community-acquired pneumonia Acute and febrile infection of the lung parenchyma that is acquired by a patient outside the hospital setting or long-stay residential care centers.

Also: NAC · out-of-hospital pneumonia · community lung

Pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation Alveolar inflammatory process that contracts secondarily in patients undergoing tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation for more than forty and eighty hours.

Also: NAVM · nosocomial pneumonia due to ventilator · lung disease associated with intubation

Desquamative interstitial pneumonia Interstitial lung disease of a diffuse inflammatory nature characterized histologically by the massive accumulation of intraalveolar macrophages loaded with brown pigment, closely linked to excessive tobacco consumption.

Also: NID · DIP · desquamative pneumopathy of the active smoker

Smoker's Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia Pathology characterized by the intraveolar accumulation of macrophages with brown pigmentation secondary to chronic and intense cigarette consumption.

Also: of alveolar macrophages due to tobacco · smoker's lung desquamation · DIP for active smoking

Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia Subtype of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia characterized by a histological pattern of temporally homogeneous interstitial inflammation or fibrosis, which presents a better prognosis and response to treatment than idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Also: NIIE · idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia · NSIP interstitial

Nonspecific fibrotic interstitial pneumonia Subtype of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia characterized by a pattern of temporally homogeneous fibrosis that partially respects the lung architecture.

Also: Fibrotic NIIE · Idiopathic fibrotic NSIP · non-specific fibrotic pattern

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia Interstitial disease characterized histologically by a diffuse infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the pulmonary interstitium, common in autoimmune disorders.

Also: NIL · LIP · Liebow lymphocytic interstitial pneumopathy

Usual interstitial pneumonia Histopathological pattern of pulmonary fibrosis characterized by the presence of active fibroblastic foci, dense collagen and patchy honeycomb destruction.

Also: NIU · UIP · histological usual interstitial fibrosis

Lobar pneumonia Acute bacterial infection of the lung parenchyma characterized by uniform and continuous consolidation of much or all of a specific lung lobe.

Also: classical lobar pneumonia · bacterial lobar condensation · acute diffuse lobar consolidation

Pneumococcal lobar pneumonia Diffuse and uniform infection of the entire lung lobe classically caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae with characteristic tissue hepatization.

Also: lobar bacterial pneumococcus · condensation due to Streptococcus pneumoniae · lung of pneumococcal origin

Cryptogenic organized pneumonia Pulmonary pathological process characterized by the proliferation and infiltration of intrabronchiolar and intraalveolar plugs of fibrous connective granulation tissue associated with a chronic interstitial inflammatory infiltrate.

Also: NOC · COP · bronchiolitis obliterans with idiopathic organizing pneumonia

Pneumocystis pneumonia Severe opportunistic infection characterized by a bilateral diffuse interstitial infiltrate caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii, common in patients with cellular immunosuppression.

Also: pneumocystosis · pneumonia due to Pneumocystis jirovecii · Opportunistic PCP

Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung parenchyma usually induced by non-infectious agents such as radiation, drugs or irritating vapors, primarily affecting the alveolar and interstitial spaces.

Also: non-infectious lung inflammation · chemical lung disease · toxic interstitial pneumonitis of actinic origin

Pneumonitis due to hypersensitivity Inflammatory immunological reaction that affects the alveoli and terminal bronchioles secondary to repeated and prolonged inhalation of organic dusts or antigens of environmental origin.

Also: extrinsic allergic alveolitis · farmer's lung · pneumopathy due to occupational antigenic hypersensitivity

Radiation pneumonitis Acute or subacute inflammation of the pulmonary alveolar parenchyma secondary to direct tissue damage induced by thoracic radiotherapy oncological treatments.

Also: pulmonary due to acute radiation · by thoracic radiotherapy · actinic alveolar due to oncological radiation

Chemical pneumonitis Acute pulmonary inflammatory reaction secondary to direct inhalation of corrosive substances, toxic gases or after aspiration of gastric acid into the tracheobronchial tree.

Also: chemical aspiration lung disease · acid aspiration pneumonitis · lung damage from corrosive inhaled chemicals

Tension pneumothorax Massive and progressive accumulation of air within the pleural space that acts as a one-way valve, collapsing the affected lung and displacing the mediastinum with compromise of venous return.

Also: suffocating pneumothorax · hypertensive pleural collapse · obstructive valvular pneumothorax

Catamenial pneumothorax Specific type of spontaneous pneumothorax that occurs recurrently in women coinciding with the menstrual period, usually associated with the presence of foci of pleural endometriosis.

Also: menstrual pneumothorax · pneumothorax due to pleural endometriosis · cyclic catamenial pulmonary collapse

Primary spontaneous pneumothorax Unexpected accumulation of air in the pleural cavity that occurs in young, thin people without known previous lung disease due to rupture of apical bullae.

Also: NEP · spontaneous of the young man · lung collapse due to apical blebs

Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax Accumulation of air in the pleural space that occurs as a complication of an underlying pathology that weakens the lung parenchyma, such as COPD.

Also: NES · complicated with pulmonary cause · pleural collapse due to underlying lung disease

Pulmonary nocardiosis Opportunistic bacterial infection of subacute evolution caused by the genus Nocardia, characterized by the formation of necrotizing pneumonia and cavitations that are difficult to resolve.

Also: pulmonary nocardiosis · cavitated infection due to Nocardia · opportunistic pulmonary actinomycetoma

Impulse oscillometry Non-invasive pulmonary mechanical evaluation method that measures respiratory resistance and reactance through the passive application of acoustic waves superimposed on normal breathing.

Also: IOS · pulmonary oscillometry · oscillometric resistance of the conduction airway

Bronchial impulse oscillometry Non-invasive functional examination that selectively detects resistance to airflow by applying periodic acoustic impulses during tidal breathing.

Also: Bronchial IOS · airway impulse · oscillometric respiratory

Airway impulse oscillometry Non-invasive recording of dynamic pulmonary resistance useful for assessing the bronchodilator response in patients unable to perform spirometry.

Also: IOS of airways · dynamic respiratory oscillometric · pulmonary functional impulse

High flow oxygen therapy Ventilatory support method that non-invasively administers a high flow of moist, heated gas above the patient's maximum inspiratory flow.

Also: OAF · high nasal flow · high pressure heated moist nasal flow

Pachypleuritis Dense and definitive fibrous thickening of the pleural sheets derived from the organization of chronic empyemas or hemothorax, restrictively limiting lung mobility.

Also: fibrosing pleuritis · dense pleural fibrosis · irreversible fibrous pleural symphysis

Pectoriloquy Auscultatory clinical sign that consists of the clear and perfectly articulated transmission of the patient's voice through the chest wall, typical of areas with alveolar consolidation.

Also: talking pectoriloquy · clear voice heard · clear vocal condensation sign

Soundless pectoriloquy Auscultatory clinical sign consisting of the crisp, clear and articulated perception of the words whispered by the patient through the chest wall, typical of areas with pulmonary consolidation or condensation.

Also: sign of auscultated whispering · pectoriloquy of the whispered voice · voice condensation pectoriloquy

Pectus carinatum Anomaly of the thoracic cage characterized by an abnormal anterior protrusion of the sternum due to overgrowth of the adjacent costal cartilages.

Also: keeled thorax · pigeon chest · congenital obstructive sternal protrusion

Asymmetrical Pectus carinatum Sternal keel deformity characterized by the unilateral and skewed prominence or protrusion of the costal cartilages adjacent to the sternum.

Also: asymmetrical keeled thorax · asymmetrical pigeon chest · lateralized sternal protrusion

Congenital pectus carinatum Prominent anterior sternal protrusion of congenital origin that becomes more evident and marked with the patient's skeletal growth during childhood.

Also: keeled thorax of the infant · pigeon breast of the newborn · sternal protrusion of development

Restrictive pectus carinatum Severe deformity of the anterior chest wall with sternal protrusion that associates costal joint stiffness and limits active inspiratory capacity.

Also: restrictive keel chest · restrictive pigeon chest · expansive limitation due to sternal protrusion

Pectus excavatum Deformity of the rib cage that consists of an abnormal concave depression of the sternum that can compress the mediastinal structures or limit the thoracic bellows function.

Also: funnel chest · sunken chest · congenital restrictive sternal depression

Congenital pectus excavatum Deformity of the anterior chest wall characterized by deep depression of the sternum present from birth due to costochondral anomalies.

Also: funnel chest of the infant · sunken chest of the newborn · sternal developmental depression

Restrictive pectus excavatum Severe deformity of the anterior chest wall with sternal depression that mechanically limits lung expansion during active inspiration.

Also: restrictive funnel chest · sternal restrictive · expansive limitation due to sunken chest

Pectus excavatum symmetrical Concave depression of the sternum centered on the midline of the thorax that presents with the same degree of depression on both sides of the anterior cavity.

Also: symmetrical funnel chest · centered sunken chest · symmetrical medial sternal depression

Platypnea Dyspnea that worsens when sitting or standing and improves when lying down.

Also: erect postural dyspnea · orthostatic dyspnea · postural orthostatic platypnea

Body plethysmography Advanced lung volume diagnostic technique that uses a sealed hermetic cabinet based on Boyle's law to accurately calculate functional residual capacity.

Also: cabin plethysmography · VR plethysmographic measurement · determination of static intrathoracic volume

Closed cabin plethysmography Refined measurement of functional residual capacity using a plethysmographic camera that records volume changes to quantify air trapping.

Also: absolute volume · of CRF by pressure cabin · advanced by volume

Helium plethysmography Indirect method of measuring static lung volumes through inhalation of a gas mixture with a known concentration of helium in a closed circuit.

Also: closed-loop helium dilution · gas dilution plethysmography · determination of VR by helium

Volumetric pulmonary plethysmography Determination of residual volume and total lung capacity using closed cabin plethysmography techniques for the study of restrictions.

Also: total volume plethysmography · absolute lung volume · absolute static lung volumes

Pleurisy Acute or chronic inflammation of the leaves of the pleura that produces lancinating rib pain that is accentuated with movements and may present with pleural exudate.

Also: dry pleuritis · pleural inflammation · acute inflammatory pleura pain

Lupus pleuritis Inflammatory reaction of the pleural membranes with production of exudate characterized by the presence of antinuclear antibodies, a typical manifestation of systemic lupus.

Also: lupus pleural effusion · pleural due to SLE · autoimmune lupus pleural

Pleurodesis Therapeutic procedure designed to cause permanent adhesion of both pleural sheets using mechanical or chemical irritants in order to avoid recurrent effusions or pneumothorax.

Also: artificial pleural symphysis · obliteration of the pleural space · chemical pleurodesis with sterile talc

Pleurodesis with talc Procedure that uses sterile asbestos-free talc instilled into the pleural space to trigger an inflammatory reaction that obliterates the pleural cavity.

Also: medical grade talc pleurodesis · obliteration of pleura by talc · of pleura due to chemical talc

Mechanical pleurodesis Surgical procedure that induces pleural symphysis through physical abrasion of the parietal pleura with gauze or instruments during a thoracoscopy.

Also: mechanical pleural abrasion · pleural symphysis due to rubbing · mechanical obliteration of the pleural space

Chemical pleurodesis Pleural symphysis induction procedure through the instillation of substances such as doxycycline or silver nitrate to prevent air or fluid leaks.

Also: chemical pleural obliteration · induced pleural adhesion · pleural space chemistry

Pleurodynia Acute muscular and pleural chest pain caused by Coxsackie B virus infection that causes acute inflammation of the intercostal muscles.

Also: Bornholm disease · pleural epidemic myalgia · epidemic intercostal pleurodynia

Pleurotomy Direct surgical incision made in the chest wall that allows access to the pleural space to perform exploration or direct debridement procedures.

Also: minimal pleural thoracotomy · pleural space incision · surgical exploratory pleurotomy

Eosinophilic granulomatous polyangiitis Systemic necrotizing vasculitis clinically characterized by difficult-to-control asthma, marked tissue and peripheral eosinophilia, non-fixed pulmonary infiltrates, and extravascular granulomatous inflammation.

Also: Churg-Strauss syndrome · eosinophilic granulomatous angiitis · systemic eosinophilic vasculitis

Cardiorespiratory home polygraphy Simplified nocturnal recording test that quantifies obstructive or central respiratory events without evaluating electroencephalographic sleep variables.

Also: of ambulatory respiratory events · simplified home care · night sleep polygraph

Home respiratory polygraphy Abbreviated and non-invasive diagnostic method that monitors air flows, respiratory effort and oximetry at home to rule out clear cases of apnea.

Also: ambulatory sleep polygraphy · abbreviated respiratory polygraphy · simplified home apnea test

Polysomnography Continuous and simultaneous recording of nocturnal neurophysiological and cardiorespiratory variables that is carried out in a specialized laboratory to accurately diagnose sleep disorders.

Also: PSG · multisystem sleep study · complete in-hospital nocturnal polysomnogram

Kohn pores Interalveolar microscopic openings or connections that directly communicate adjacent alveoli through the interalveolar septa, allowing an active collateral ventilation pathway and the equalization of intrathoracic pressures in the face of obstructive bronchial processes.

Also: alveolar pores · Kohn connections · Kohn interalveolar openings

Alveolar pressure Physical pressure of the gas contained inside the lung alveoli that oscillates above or below atmospheric pressure, regulating air flows.

Also: intrapulmonary tension · of alveolar sacs · dynamic alveolar air

Positive expiratory pressure Constant air pressure higher than atmospheric pressure that is maintained in the airway during the expiratory phase to prevent alveolar collapse.

Also: expiratory support pressure · positive expiratory resistance

Peak inspiratory pressure Maximum pressure reached within the airways during the active insufflation phase by a mechanical ventilator.

Also: PIP · peak ventilation pressure · maximum inspiratory pressure of the respirator

Intrapleural pressure Force per unit area exerted constantly in the virtual space located between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura, which remains subatmospheric during normal ventilation due to the opposite elastic recoil of the lung and the chest wall.

Also: pleural pressure · intrapleural tension · pleural elastic pressure

Plateau pressure Pressure measured in the airway during an inspiratory pause at the end of inspiration, which directly reflects the alveolar static pressure.

Also: plateau pressure · alveolar static pause pressure · ventilator plateau pressure

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide Parameter that measures the tension of this gas dissolved in arterial plasma, a direct indicator of the effectiveness of central alveolar ventilation.

Also: PaCO2 · arterial carbon dioxide · of CO2 in systemic arterial blood

Partial pressure of oxygen Physical tension exerted by oxygen molecules dissolved in arterial blood that sensitively evaluates the exchange state of the membrane.

Also: PaO2 · arterial oxygen · of O2 dissolved in peripheral arterial blood

Continuous positive airway pressure Constant positive air pressure mode applied throughout the respiratory cycle to prevent collapse of alveoli or the upper airway.

Also: CPAP · constant pressure non-invasive · continuous positive respiratory

Continuous positive pressure in the nasal airway Application of a constant flow of positive pressure air through a nasal mask that prevents nocturnal pharyngeal collapses.

Also: Nasal CPAP · constant nasally · nocturnal nasal upper airway

Two-level positive airway pressure Non-invasive mechanical ventilation that alternately provides a high inspiratory pressure and a lower expiratory support pressure.

Also: BiPAP · double pressure level · by double inspiratory-expiratory level pressure

Congenital alveolar proteinosis Autosomal recessive genetic disorder of surfactant metabolism characterized by mutations in the surfactant protein or its receptor genes.

Also: hereditary alveolar proteinosis · Congenital PAP · hereditary accumulation of alveolar surfactant

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Pulmonary disorder characterized by the diffuse accumulation of lipoproteaceous and insoluble surfactant material with an eosinophilic appearance in the alveolar spaces secondary to the dysfunction or absence of macrophage phagocytosis.

Also: PAP · diffuse alveolar lipidosis · acquired proteinosis of the alveolar spaces

Idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis Diffuse intraalveolar accumulation of surfactant material secondary to dysfunction of alveolar macrophages mediated by antibodies against GM-CSF.

Also: Idiopathic PAP · idiopathic autoimmune alveolar · of alveolar surfactant of autoimmune cause

Pulmonary proteinosis Diffuse lung disease characterized by the progressive deposition and retention of lipoproteaceous surfactant and cellular debris inside the alveolar sacs.

Also: autoimmune alveolar proteinosis · of alveolar surfactant · Immune-acquired PAP

Bronchodilation test Quantitative spirometric comparison that measures the ability to reverse bronchial obstruction after inhalation of a rapid beta-two adrenergic agonist.

Also: bronchodilation test · of bronchial reversibility · post-bronchodilator reversal spirometry

Six-minute walk test Submaximal functional examination that evaluates the patient's functional capacity by measuring the total distance traveled at a fast pace on a flat surface.

Also: six-minute walk test · six minute march · functional evaluation of pulmonary gait

Bronchial provocation test Functional examination used to evaluate the degree of reactivity and bronchospasm of the airways through protocolized inhalation of a cholinergic agent such as methacholine.

Also: methacholine test · airway hyperreactivity test · provocation test with inhaled histamine

Pulse oximetry Non-invasive clinical method for continuous monitoring of the oxygen saturation of capillary hemoglobin through the absorption of light at specific wavelengths.

Also: pulse oximetry · transcutaneous oxygen saturation · Percutaneous digital SpO2

Nocturnal pulse oximetry Continuous monitoring of pulse and oxygen saturation transcutaneously carried out during the patient's sleeping hours in their usual environment.

Also: night pulse · continuous nighttime saturation · Continuous nocturnal sleep SpO2

Continuous nocturnal pulse oximetry Uninterrupted overnight recording of capillary oxygen saturation useful for documenting repetitive desaturations secondary to apneas.

Also: Continuous nocturnal SpO2 · uninterrupted nocturnal pulse oximetry · continuous nocturnal capillary saturation

Idiopathic chylothorax Abnormal accumulation of lymph or chyle of unknown origin in the pleural space due to minor thoracic duct dysfunction or leak.

Also: idiopathic chylous effusion · spontaneous pleural lymphatic accumulation · spontaneous non-traumatic chylothorax

Bronchogenic cyst Congenital malformation originating from an abnormal sprout of the foregut that contains a cystic structure lined by ciliated respiratory epithelium and cartilage in its wall.

Also: congenital bronchial cyst · developmental lung cyst · mediastinal cystic bronchogenic cavity

Hering-Breuer reflex Involuntary reflex mechanism mediated by lung stretch receptors and afferent fibers of the vagus nerve that interrupts the active inspiratory phase when faced with an excessive degree of lung inflation to prevent overdistention of the alveoli.

Also: vagal insufflation reflex · inspiratory inhibitory reflex · pulmonary excessive stretch reflex

Airway resistance Measurement that quantifies the friction and opposition of the bronchial walls to the physical displacement of the air column during the ventilation phases.

Also: Raw · air conductive impedance · dynamic respiratory frictional resistance

Apneustic breathing Severe alteration of the respiratory rhythm characterized by extremely prolonged and spasmodic inspirations followed by inspiratory pauses prior to expiration, typically produced by structural damage to the apneustic center of the pons.

Also: beautiful breathing · pontine respiratory pattern · bulbar respiratory apneusis

Breathing with pursed lips Controlled expiratory maneuver that increases retrograde pressure within the airway to prevent dynamic collapse of the bronchioles in patients with emphysema.

Also: exhalation with semi-closed lips · lip expiratory counterpressure · expiratory with pursed lips

Biot's Breath Irregular and disorganized respiratory rhythm in which there are alternating periods of respirations of constant amplitude and frequency separated by sudden apneas of variable duration, commonly associated with brain stem lesions.

Also: ataxic breathing · brain Biot respiration · central disorganized periodic breathing

Cheyne-Stokes breathing Abnormal respiratory pattern characterized by periodic oscillations where progressive phases of increase and subsequent decrease in deep ventilation occur followed by a period of temporary apnea.

Also: periodic crescendo-decrescendo breathing · Cheyne-Stokes cyclic respiratory rhythm · systemic periodic apnea breathing

Diaphragmatic breathing Kinetic technique that trains the patient to predominantly use diaphragmatic contraction when inhaling, optimizing ventilation of the lung bases.

Also: abdominal breathing · diaphragmatic directed · basilar diaphragmatic respiratory pattern

Paradoxical breathing Abnormal respiratory pattern in which the chest wall depresses during inspiration and expands during expiration, associated with unstable chest or diaphragmatic fatigue.

Also: costal volet breathing · inverted respiratory movement · thoraco-abdominal asynchrony

Pulmonary sarcoidosis Granulomatous inflammatory disease of unknown origin characterized by the formation of granulomas of epithelioid cells without caseous necrosis in the parenchyma and mediastinal lymph nodes.

Also: lung sarcoidosis · Pulmonary sarcoid granulomatosis · granulomatous sarcoid lung condition

Alveolar sarcomere Histological concept that represents the minimum morpho-functional unit of gas exchange, made up of the alveolar lumen, the alveolar pulmonary interstitium and the adjacent capillary endothelium.

Also: functional alveolocapillary unit · respiratory exchange sarcomere · respiratory alveolar microscopic unit

Bronchopulmonary segment Anatomical, functional and surgical unit independent of the lung parenchyma that has its own segmental bronchus, its own segmental artery and its intersegmental venous drainage, delimited from adjacent segments by connective tissue partitions.

Also: pulmonary segmental unit · pulmonary segment · segmental bronchopulmonary subdivision

Pleural water seal Safety device integrated into thoracic drainage systems that acts as a one-way valve preventing the return of air to the pleural space.

Also: water seal chamber · one-way pleural water valve · water shutoff of the drainage system

Pseudochylothorax Chronic accumulation of whitish and milky liquid rich in free cholesterol in the pleural space that occurs secondary to prolonged pleural inflammatory processes.

Also: pleural effusion due to cholesterol · false chylothorax · tuberculous chronic cholesterol effusion

Cholesterolic pseudochylothorax Pleural accumulation of milky fluid with abundant free cholesterol derived from chronic recurrent inflammation without the presence of flow or chylous lymph.

Also: pleural due to free cholesterol · false due to chronic pleural inflammation · persistent pleural cholesterol

Pleural pseudochylothorax Chronically accumulated non-infectious pleural effusion that simulates a chylothorax due to the high concentration of cholesterol crystals from prolonged cell destruction.

Also: cholesterolic pleural effusion · false cholesterol chylothorax · persistent chronic pleural cholesterol effusion

Siderosilicosis Mixed pneumoconiosis variant resulting from concomitant inhalation of iron oxide and silica particles, characterized by mixed inflammatory and fibrotic foci.

Also: pneumoconiosis due to iron and silica · mixed siderosis · iron oxide and silica fibrosis

Welder's siderosis Inert and non-fibrosing accumulation of iron oxide particles in the alveolar macrophages of workers constantly exposed to industrial welding fumes.

Also: of arc welders · pure pulmonary · inert alveolar iron

Pulmonary siderosis Type of benign non-fibrosing pneumoconiosis caused by chronic tissue deposition of microscopic iron oxide particles in the lungs, characterized radiologically by dense micronodules.

Also: welder's lung · iron pneumoconiosis · lung deposition of inert ferric oxide

Welder's pulmonary siderosis Pulmonary deposition of inert iron particles in welders associated with radiological reticulonodular opacities without respiratory functional alteration.

Also: of inert arc welders · pulmonary ferric oxide · inert alveolar iron oxide

Silicoproteinosis Rapid-course variant of silicosis produced by the inhalation of very high doses of silica that causes the accumulation of lipoproteaceous alveolar material similar in appearance to alveolar proteinosis.

Also: acute silicosis · silica proteinosis · Acute silica alveolar overload

Silicosis Irreversible and incurable fibrosing pneumoconiosis caused by the long-term deposition and retention of respirable crystalline free silica dust particles in the lung tissue.

Also: miners' consumption · silica pneumoconiosis · siliceous stone dust disease

Accelerated silicosis Clinical form of silicosis that develops after a period of exposure of between five and ten years to silica dust with rapid fibrotic progression.

Also: subacute silicosis · rapid progression of silicosis · accelerated silicotic fibrosis

Progressive massive silicosis Final and destructive stage of silicosis characterized by the confluence of multiple nodules that form large masses of dense and irreversible fibrous tissue.

Also: SMP · complicated silicosis · progressive massive silicotic fibrosis of the lung

Chronic nodular silicosis Classic histological and clinical form of silicosis characterized by the presence of hyaline collagen nodules in the upper lobes after prolonged exposure to silica.

Also: simple classic silicosis · nodular silica · of the stone miners

Silicosis simple Presence of small, discrete, well-defined silica nodules in the upper lobes in asymptomatic patients with a history of exposure.

Also: simple nodular silicosis · nodular classic · nodular asymptomatic silica

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome Disorder characterized by the presence of repetitive partial or total obstructions of the upper airway during sleep, inducing recurrent apneas and microawakenings.

Also: SAHS · obstructive sleep apnea · upper airway collapse during night sleep

Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome Appearance of a persistent condition of asthmatic-type bronchial hyperreactivity that is triggered abruptly after a single inhalation exposure to high concentrations of an irritating gas, smoke or vapor.

Also: RADS · asthma induced by acute irritants · post-toxic inhalation reactive bronchospasm syndrome

Kartagener syndrome Inherited genetic disorder of autosomal recessive inheritance characterized by the clinical triad of situs inversus, bronchiectasis and chronic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses due to a defect in ciliary dynein.

Also: Kartagener triad · situs inversus with bronchiectasis · from classic Kartagener

Ciliary Kartagener syndrome Autosomal recessive genetic disorder that massively alters the ciliary dynein arms, causing situs inversus, chronic sinusitis and bronchiectasis.

Also: situs inversus with ciliary dyskinesia · de Kartagener classic family · ciliary with situs inversus

Lemierre syndrome Infectious septic complication characterized by thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and the spread of septic pulmonary embolisms consecutive to pharyngotonsillitis due to anaerobic bacteria.

Also: postangina septicemia · Lemierre necrobacillosis · septic jugular thrombophlebitis due to Fusobacterium

Necrobilar Lemierre syndrome Septic jugular thrombophlebitis with a necrotizing course accompanied by multiple foci of septic pulmonary embolization by Fusobacterium species.

Also: postangina necrotizing jugular · jugular septic due to Fusobacterium · by jugular anaerobes

Jugular Lemierre syndrome Severe septic infection originating in the pharyngeal mucosa that triggers an internal jugular suppurative thrombosis and diffuse pulmonary septic embolism foci.

Also: septic post-angina jugular · by Fusobacterium necrophorum · jugular septic due to oral anaerobes

Ondine Syndrome Genetic disease characterized by the loss of automatic and involuntary control of breathing during deep sleep phases due to an alteration in the PHOX2B gene.

Also: congenital central alveolar hypoventilation · curse of Ondine · congenital central apnea of autonomic neurodevelopment

Pickwick syndrome Pathological association of severe obesity, chronic daytime alveolar hypoventilation and hypercapnia, which is accompanied by marked somnolence and frequent apneas during sleep.

Also: hypoventilation due to obesity · SHO · alveolar hypoventilation in the morbidly obese Pickwickian

Pickwick syndrome due to obesity Severe clinical entity that encompasses grade three obesity, somnolence, daytime hypoventilation and chronic hypercapnia with progressive deterioration of respiratory function.

Also: alveolar hypoventilation in the morbidly obese · PICK · Obstructive classic Pickwickian

Superior vena cava syndrome Set of signs and symptoms secondary to obstruction or extrinsic compression of venous return through the superior vena cava, frequently caused by lung cancer.

Also: SVCS · obstruction of the superior vena cava · superior mediastinal cava stasis

Amphoric breath Auscultatory noise of a metallic nature and hollow resonance similar to the sound produced by blowing on the mouth of an empty bottle, characteristic of large insufflated lung cavities or pneumothorax.

Also: giant cavity murmur · metallic cavernous breath · pleural amphoric resonance

Pleural amphoric murmur Auscultatory variant characterized by a very marked metallic and hollow ringing audible in cases of massive spontaneous pneumothorax with persistent bronchial communication.

Also: amphoric murmur of pneumothorax · diffuse pleural amphoric resonance · metallic pleural cavity murmur

Pleuritic murmur Soft auscultatory noise, high-pitched and predominantly expiratory with a veiled timbre, which is characteristically perceived at the upper limit of medium-sized pleural effusions due to compression of the parenchyma.

Also: pleural expiratory murmur · superior pleural effusion murmur · compression pleural blowing murmur

Tubal murmur Rough and harsh auscultatory noise that imitates the passage of air through a tube, pathologically audible over consolidated areas of the lung parenchyma that preserve a patent bronchus.

Also: bronchial condensation murmur · consolidation breath sound · tubular pulmonary condensation murmur

Condensing tubal murmur Variant of bronchial respiratory sound audible over areas of consolidation that indicates direct transmission of tracheal airflow through collapsed alveoli.

Also: pulmonary hepatization murmur · condensation bronchial noise · acoustic transmission of lobar consolidation

Intercostal indrawing Visible depression or retraction of the skin and muscles of the intercostal spaces during active inspiration, indicative of a pathological increase in respiratory effort in the face of resistance in the airway.

Also: intercostal retraction · use of intercostal accessory muscles · inspiratory intercostal sinking

Medical thoracoscopy Technique for direct visualization of the pleura and pleural space that makes it possible to obtain biopsies of the parietal pleura under direct vision using a pleural endoscope.

Also: pleuroscopy · pleural endoscopy · direct thoracoscopic examination with optics

Pleural medical thoracoscopy Visual exploration of the parietal pleura for diagnostic purposes of taking biopsies using a semi-rigid thoracoscope with a single entry port.

Also: diagnostic semi-rigid pleuroscopy · pleural space with flexible optics · minimally invasive pleural

Diagnostic pleural thoracoscopy Optical procedure that allows direct exploration of the pleural space to perform biopsies of the parietal surface or suspicious lesions.

Also: diagnostic pleuroscopy · of pleural cavity · pleural under direct optical vision

Unstable chest Mechanical anomaly of the costal wall produced by the multiple fracture of several consecutive ribs in two or more points, causing a paradoxical respiratory movement.

Also: costal volet · floating chest · paradoxical movement of the chest wall

Tracheomalacia Disorder characterized by the loss of structural rigidity of the tracheal cartilages that predisposes the upper airway to collapse during the expiratory phase.

Also: expiratory tracheal collapse · tracheal cartilaginous · dynamic tracheomalacia of the trachea

Congenital tracheomalacia Developmental anomaly characterized by flaccidity of the tracheal cartilage from birth, manifesting clinically with expiratory stridor in infants.

Also: congenital tracheal collapse · neonatal tracheal cartilaginous weakness · tracheal malacia of the newborn

Dynamic expiratory tracheomalacia Weakness of the cartilaginous tracheal wall that causes a dynamic collapse of its lumen during active expiratory maneuvers or coughing.

Also: tracheal expiratory dynamics · trachea dynamics · dynamic expiratory collapse trachea

Localized tracheomalacia Sagging or loss of cartilaginous support limited to a segment of the trachea, commonly secondary to prolonged extrinsic compression due to goiter.

Also: localized tracheal · circumscribed tracheal cartilaginous weakness · localized tracheal collapse

Tracheoplasty Highly complex thoracic surgical intervention aimed at correcting, reconstructing or resecting stenosed, malformed or weakened segments of the wall of the trachea.

Also: tracheal reconstruction · trachea surgery · of reconstructive tracheal stenosis

Percutaneous tracheostomy Technique for creating a temporary or definitive artificial airway through percutaneous puncture and progressive dilation between the upper tracheal rings.

Also: percutaneous dilation tracheostomy · percutaneous airway · percutaneous emergency tracheostomy

Trepopnea Dyspnea that appears in lateral decubitus on one side only.

Also: lateral decubitus dyspnea · intolerance to lateral decubitus · lateral postural trepopnea

Tuberculoma Persistent, circumscribed nodular mass of tuberculous granulation tissue with a solid caseous center that may remain inactive in the lung for years.

Also: structured tuberculous nodule · giant Koch granuloma · circumscribed pulmonary caseous focus

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis located in tissues outside the lung parenchyma, lymphadenopathy and tuberculous pleurisy being common forms.

Also: disseminated non-pulmonary tuberculosis · systemic mycobacterial · due to extrapulmonary Koch bacillus

Hematogenous miliary tuberculosis Massive and generalized dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through the blood that seeds the lung with countless microscopic granulomatous foci.

Also: disseminated miliary · millet-type systemic · generalized hematogenous by Koch

Military tuberculosis Severe form of tuberculosis spread hematogenously characterized by the diffuse appearance of tiny whitish nodules measuring one to two millimeters in the lung parenchyma and other organs.

Also: diffuse hematogenous tuberculosis · military dissemination by Koch bacillus · generalized disseminated tuberculosis due to millet

Pancoast tumor Malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin located in the superior sulcus of the apex of the lung that produces compression or direct invasion of the brachial plexus and the cervical sympathetic chain.

Also: tumor of the superior pulmonary sulcus · apical lung cancer · apical Pancoast-Tobias syndrome

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction Reflex and protective response of the pulmonary arterioles to low oxygen pressure in the alveolar space that selectively diverts blood flow to better ventilated areas to optimize gas exchange.

Also: pulmonary vascular autoregulation due to hypoxia · localized alveolar hypoxic constritor reflex

Non-invasive mechanical ventilation Mechanical respiratory assistance technique that provides continuous or alternative air pressures without the need to establish an artificial airway such as intubation.

Also: VMNI · non-invasive positive pressure ventilation · respiratory support by face mask

Tidal volume Volume of air inspired and expired normally and spontaneously during each respiratory cycle under physiological conditions of rest.

Also: tidal volume · VC · quiet current breathing air

Expiratory reserve volume Maximum volume of additional air that can be expelled from the lungs through a forced expiratory effort after a normal passive expiration.

Also: VRE · complementary expiratory air · reserve expiratory air

Inspiratory reserve volume Additional volume of air that can be inspired through a maximum voluntary effort above a normal inspiration at tidal volume.

Also: complementary air of inspiration · reserve inspiratory air

Forced expiratory volume in the first second Amount of air expelled during the first second of a maximum forced expiration maneuver performed immediately after a complete inspiration, used to quantify the severity of bronchial obstructions.

Also: FEV1 · VEMS · maximum expiratory volume per forced second

Residual volume Amount of air that remains constantly inside the lungs after having made a maximum forced expiration, which cannot be measured directly by simple spirometry.

Also: VR · residual air · volume of non-mobilizable air

Pulmonary volutrauma Pulmonary cellular and alveolar injury caused by excessive cyclical stretching and overdistension induced by the delivery of too high tidal volumes.

Also: lung injury due to excessive volume · alveolar stretch damage · mechanical volutrauma injury

Pulmonology

Other glossary specialties